Solubilization theory

Recently, a simple solubilization theory has been developed to predict the equilibrium distribution of zwitterionic amino acids from information of the initial conditions of the system. This theory is based on the chemical and electrostatic interactions between the amino acids and active reverse micellar interface. The predictions of the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental results [201]. 

The kinetic mechanism of emulsion polymerization was developed by Smith and Ewart [10]. The quantitative treatment of this mechanism was made by using Har-kin s Micellar Theory [18,19]. By means of quantitative treatment, the researchers obtained an expression in which the particle number was expressed as a function of emulsifier concentration, initiation, and polymerization rates. This expression was derived for the systems including the monomers with low water solubility and partly solubilized within the micelles formed by emulsifiers having low critical micelle concentration (CMC) values [10]. 

Based on the Smith-Ewart theory, the number of latex particles formed and the rate of polymerization in Interval II is proportional with the 0,6 power of the emulsifier concentration. This relation was also observed experimentally for the emulsion polymerization of styrene by Bartholomeet al. [51], Dunn and Al-Shahib [52] demonstrated that when the concentrations of the different emulsifiers were selected so that the micellar concentrations were equal, the same number of particles having the same size could be obtained by the same polymerization rates in Interval II in the existence of different emulsifiers [52], The number of micelles formed initially in the polymerization medium increases with the increasing emulsifier concentration. This leads to an increase in the total amount of monomer solubilized by micelles. However, the number of emulsifier molecules in one micelle is constant for a certain type of emulsifier and does not change with the emulsifier concentration. The monomer is distributed into more micelles and thus, the... 

Whereas PDM 1 in theory could be assembled via the cyclooligomerization reaction, larger, more complex graphdiyne substructures like 91-94 could be constructed only via the intramolecular cyclization route. Scheme 22 illustrates the preparation of 91 [63]. From the outset, the need for solubilizing substituents was recognized thus, the required building blocks (95) were readily prepared by standard transformations. Fourfold in situ desilylation/alkynylation gave the... 

In recent decades, many investigations have been carried out on the solubilization and on the physicochemical characterization of a wide variety of substances confined in water-containing reversed micelles. Even if these studies have not produced a general theory to predict a priori all the effects accompanying the solubihzation process, some general aspects nonetheless have been underhned. In the following, the results of some of these investigations, selected to show the extent of some peculiar behaviors, will be reported. 

To evaluate the contribution of the SHG active oriented cation complexes to the ISE potential, the SHG responses were analyzed on the basis of a space-charge model [30,31]. This model, which was proposed to explain the permselectivity behavior of electrically neutral ionophore-based liquid membranes, assumes that a space charge region exists at the membrane boundary the primary function of lipophilic ionophores is to solubilize cations in the boundary region of the membrane, whereas hydrophilic counteranions are excluded from the membrane phase. Theoretical treatments of this model reported so far were essentially based on the assumption of a double-diffuse layer at the organic-aqueous solution interface and used a description of the diffuse double layer based on the classical Gouy-Chapman theory [31,34]. 

Although the proposed theory has been used effectively in several practical applications, no experimental proof has been given that the oil solubilization rate is a function of surfactant aggregate size. In view of the importance of solubilization and the existence of practical methods of measuring and controlling surfactant aggregate size, we decided to correlate the solubilization rate with micellar properties for some anionic and nonionic surfactants. 

A Proposed Theory. In earlier publications (1-3), a theory was proposed to correlate solubilization rate, interfacial tension and size of the surfactant aggregate (1) the interfacial tension lowering between the oil-surfactant solution interface is a function of the rate of solubilization of oil, and (2) the rate of solubilization (AS/At) is a function of the effective volume for solubilization ... 

Wayt, H.J. Wilson, D.J. Soil clean-up by in-situ surfactant flushing II theory of miscellar solubilization. Separ. Sci. Technol. 1989, 24, 905-907. 

Romsted LS (1977) A general kinetic theory of rate enhancements for reactions between organic substrates and hydrophUic ions in micellar systems. In Mittal KL (ed) Micellization, Solubilization, Microemulsions. Plenum Press, New York... 

Recently, some studies on the mixture of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon materials have been carried out by surface tension, interfacial tension, differential conductance, NMR and solubilization methods(1-9). Mukerjee( ) and Funasaki( ) reported that fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon mixtures exhibit departure from ideal solution theory. 

The failure of the theory indicates that soy protein behavior is more complex than Melander and Horvath s (7, ) model. In deriving their simple theory, Melander and Horvath assumed that the changes in hydrophobic surface area, in the dipole moment, and in the net charge of the protein upon solubilization are invariant with respect to salt species or salt concentration. In other words, they assumed that the soluble proteins have the same thermodynamic state regardless of salt species or salt concentration. The results for soy proteins can be treated in the framework of the Melander and Horvath s theory if it is expanded to allow the exposed surface area, the dipole moment, and the net protein charge to be functions of the salt species and the salt concentration. 

Once the hydrocarbons have been solubilized in the formation water, they move with the water under the influence of elevation and pressure (fluid), thermal, electroosmotic and chemicoosmotic potentials. Of these, the fluid potential is the most important and the best known. The fluid potential is defined as the amount of work required to transport a unit mass of fluid from an arbitrary chosen datum (usually sea level) and state to the position and state of the point considered. The classic work of Hubbert (192) on the theory of groundwater motion was the first published account of the basinwide flow of fluids that considered the problem in exact mathematical terms as a steady-state phenomenon. His concept of formation fluid flow is shown in Figure 3A. However, incongruities in the relation between total hydraulic head and depth below surface in topographic low areas suggested that Hubbert s model was incomplete (193). Expanding on the work of Hubbert, Toth (194, 195) introduced a mathematical mfcdel in which exact flow patterns are... 

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