Solubility functionalized polymers

Water-soluble functional polymers, 24 171 Water-soluble granules, in phosphate fertilizers, 11 122... 

Figure 10.2 The most usual soluble functional polymers considered in this work.

In addition to providing fully alkyl/aryl-substituted polyphosphasenes, the versatility of the process in Figure 2 has allowed the preparation of various functionalized polymers and copolymers. Thus the monomer (10) can be derivatized via deprotonation—substitution, when a P-methyl (or P—CH2—) group is present, to provide new phosphoranimines some of which, in turn, serve as precursors to new polymers (64). In the same vein, polymers containing a P—CH group, for example, poly(methylphenylphosphazene), can also be derivatized by deprotonation—substitution reactions without chain scission. This has produced a number of functionalized polymers (64,71—73), including water-soluble carboxylate salts (11), as well as graft copolymers with styrene (74) and with dimethylsiloxane (12) (75). 

Polyelectrolytes refers to all water-soluble organic polymers used for clarification, whether they function as coagulants or flocculants. Water-soluble polymers may be classified as follows ... 

This is an ion-exchanger like the sulfonated polymer. The siUca surface can also be functionalized with phosphine complexes when combined with rhodium, these give anchored complexes that behave like their soluble and polymer-supported analogues as catalysts for olefin hydrogenation and other reactions ... 

The peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of m-alkyl substituted phenols in aqueous methanol produced soluble phenolic polymers. The mixed ratio of buffer and methanol greatly affected the yields and the molecular weight of the polymer. The enzyme source greatly affected the polymerization pattern of m-substituted monomers. Using SBP catalyst, the polymer yield increased as a function of the bulkiness of the substituent, whereas the opposite tendency was observed when HRP was the catalyst. 

The functionalized polymers have catalytic properties similar to those of their soluble analogues.1 A solution-like character is characteristic of polymer gels. As polymers become more highly cross-linked, they lose the solution-like character and their properties approach of those of inorganic solids. 

U. Scherf and K. Mullen, Polyarylenes and poly(arylene vinylenes), 7. A soluble ladder polymer via bridging of functionalized poly(p-phenylene)-precursors, Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 12 489-497, 1991. 

A large number of polymeric materials have been developed over the past two decades which are photochemically reactive. In many cases, such polymers are initially soluble in organic solvents prior to exposure with insolubilization accompanying ultraviolet radiation. This often presents a problem in practical applications where handling of organic solvents is objectionable or expensive. A need exists to develop functional polymers which are both water soluble and photochemically labile. 

One of the possible alternative to micelles are spherical dendrimers of diameter generally ranging between 5 and 10 nm. These are highly structured three-dimensional globular macromolecules composed of branched polymers covalently bonded to a central core [214]. Therefore, dendrimers are topologically similar to micelles, with the difference that the strnctnre of micelles is dynamic whereas that of dendrimers is static. Thus, unlike micelles, dendrimers are stable nnder a variety of experimental conditions. In addition, dendrimers have a defined nnmber of fnnctional end gronps that can be functionalized to prodnce psendostationary phases with different properties. Other psendostationary phases employed to address the limitations associated with the micellar phases mentioned above and to modnlate selectivity include water-soluble linear polymers, polymeric surfactants, and gemini snrfactant polymers. 

The first example of Iiving polyolefin with a uniform chain length was found in the low-temperature polymerization of propylene with the soluble catalyst composed of V(acac)3 and Al(C1Hi)2Cl. The mechanism of the living coordination polymerization is discussed on the basis of the kinetic and stereochemical data. Subsequently, some applications of living polypropylene are introduced to prepare tailor-made polymers such as terminally functionalized polymers and block copolymers which exhibit new characteristic properties. Finally, new types of soluble Ziegler-Natta catalysts are briefly surveyed in connection with the synthesis of living polyolefins. 

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