Solubility chitin

Recent progress of basic and application studies in chitin chemistry was reviewed by Kurita (2001) with emphasis on the controlled modification reactions for the preparation of chitin derivatives. The reactions discussed include hydrolysis of main chain, deacetylation, acylation, M-phthaloylation, tosylation, alkylation, Schiff base formation, reductive alkylation, 0-carboxymethylation, N-carboxyalkylation, silylation, and graft copolymerization. For conducting modification reactions in a facile and controlled manner, some soluble chitin derivatives are convenient. Among soluble precursors, N-phthaloyl chitosan is particularly useful and made possible a series of regioselective and quantitative substitutions that was otherwise difficult. One of the important achievements based on this organosoluble precursor is the synthesis of nonnatural branched polysaccharides that have sugar branches at a specific site of the linear chitin or chitosan backbone [89]. 

Ruiz-Herrera, J. Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (1974) Synthesis of Cell Wall Microfibrils in vitro by a Soluble Chitin Synthetase from Mucor rouxiV, Science, 186, 357-9 Ruiz-Herrera, J. Bartnicki-Garcia, S. Bracker, C.E. (1980) Dissociation of Chitosomes by Digitonin into its Subunits with Chitin Synthase Activity , Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 629, 201-16... 

Applicable only for soluble chitin/chitosan samples requires sample preparation proteins, organic pigments and humidity are interferences applicable for a limited range of the DA, where the sample is soluble in the solvent. 

Kim, C., Kim, S. Y., and Choi, K. S. 1997b. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of water-soluble chitin derivatives. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 8 319. 

Suzuki, S., Shimahashi, K., Takahara, J. et al., 2005. Effect of addition of water-soluble chitin on amylose film. Biomacromolecules, 6(6) 3238-3242. 

Chitinase assay was determined by a modified Schales procedure using colloidal and/or soluble chitin as the amount of enzyme that liberated 1 pmol of reducing sngar per minute (Imoto and Yagishita 1971). This method was nsed as the standard assay. To measnre the activity toward other substrates, powdered chitin, colloidal chitin, carboxymethyl chitin, ethylene glycol chitin, chitosan 7B, chitosan 8B, chitosan 9B, chitosan lOB, p-nitrophenyl-P-o-A-acetyl glucosaminide (pNP-Gl-cNAc), and several chitin/chitosan oligomers were used instead of solnble chitin. 

Soluble chitin > N-acetylated chitosan > colloidal chitin, no activity against cell wall of M. lysodeikticus (GlcNAc)2+(GlcNAc)4 = (GlcNAc)3+(GlcNAc)3 Family 23... 

Maeda, R., Matsumoto, M., Kondo, K. 1997. Enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of water-soluble chitin derivatives with egg white lysozyme. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 84 478 79. 

Water soluble chitin 50 and chitosan were developed from the chitin and has been used as exogenous elicitors for the production of chitinases and anthraquinone in Morinda citrifolia thorugh cell culture. On the other hand, the commercial pectin derived from M. citrifolia, it can be induced chitinase and lysosome activities (Heike and Dietrich 1994). 

Sugimoto M, Morimoto M, Sashiva H et al (1998) Preparation and characterization of water-soluble chitin and chitosan derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 36 49-59... 

Davies DH, Elson CM, Hayes ER. lV,0-Carboxymethyl chitosan, a new water soluble chitin derivative. In Skjak-Braek G, Anthonsen T, Sandford P, eds. Chitin and Chitosan Sources, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Properties and AppUcations. London Elsevier Apphed Science, 1989 467-472. 

Fan L, Du Y, Zhang B, Yang J, Cai J, Zhang L, Zhou J (2005) Preparation and properties of alginate/water-soluble chitin blend fibers. J Macromol Sci A 42 723—732... 

Chitin-alginate co-polymer Water-soluble chitin-alginate-PEI-DNA nanoparticles Nonwoven fibrous scaffold vehicle for DNA delivery Matrix capable of delivering genes to direct and support cellular development in tissue engineering... 

With the appropriate design of monomers, the following three hybrid polymers, chitin-cellulose hybrid with DP value 22 in 79% yields, chitin-chitosan hybrid with 4280 in 75% yields,and a water-soluble chitin-xylan hybrid with 2730 in 80% yields, have successfully been synthesized (Scheme 37). In all EROPA reactions, structural control is perfect, having ay (l 4) glycosidic linkage. 

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