Solubility changes

Which of the two is applicable to the present experiment depends mainly on whether Equation 8 results in a positive or negative value. The solubility changes quite differently in pH > 8 and reaches the minimum ([Pu]s = 2 x ID 9 M/l) at pH = ID and [CO -] = 3 x 10-3 M/l. Since the minimum is much lower than the value assessed by Equation 4 (cf. Figure la), it is plausible that Equation 8 becomes a positive value. As described above, in pH < 8 the carbonate concentrations are relatively small,... 

Because of solubility changes, the saturated calomel RE has a large temperature coefficient (0.65 mV/K). Its main advantages are ease of preparation (an excess of KCl is added to the solution) and low values of diffusion potential at interfaces with other solutions (see Section 5.2). The potentials of calomel REs can be reproduced to 0.1 mV. These electrodes are very convenient for measurements in neutral solutions (particularly chloride solutions). 

Graph solubility as a function of temperature and observe how the solubility changes with changing temperature. 

For hydrophobic, (virtually) nonionizable substances [i.e., those that show no ionic species of significance in the pH range 1 to 10 (e.g., diazepam)], solubility can usually be improved by addition of nonpolar solvents. Aside from solubility, stability is also affected by solvents in either a favorable or a nonfavorable direction [6], Theoretical equations for solubility in water [7] and in binary solvents [8] have been reported in literature, but in general the approach in preformulation is pseudoempirical. Most often the solubility changes as the concentration of nonpolar solvent C2, increases. For binary systems it may simply be a monotonely changing function [9], as shown in Fig. 2. The solubility is usually tied to the dielectric constant, and in a case such as that shown by the squares, the solubility is often log-linear when plotted as a function of inverse dielectric constant, E, that is,... 

Viscoelastic effects and impact on functionality Solubility changes of polymer Dimensional effects Moisture content in polymer... 

Since it is important to control the thermally activated side reactions in addition to the temperature, the time of the PEB must also be controlled. It should be noted that excessive time at an elevated temperature can result in undesirable additional chemical changes in the polymer such as crosslinking or oxidation that result in solubility changes of both the exposed and unexposed regions. 

The pancreatic digestion conditions studied included pH, the method of pH control, and bile salts mixture and concentration. In addition, experiments were run to determine if mineral solubility was affected by enzymatic activity, or only by pH-induced solubility changes. 

If A is a gas at ambient temperature and pressure, AsoiVH° can be determined experimentally by calorimetric methods or from measurements of the solubility change with temperature [42-44], When A is a liquid or a solid, its solvation enthalpy in a given solvent is usually calculated from its standard solution enthalpy (Asin//°) and its standard vaporization or sublimation enthalpy ... 

It is instructive to compare the thermochemical values with those obtained by the same authors when they assumed the ideal gas model (i.c.,/co = pco) and neglected the CO solubility change with temperature ArH%12 = 45.5 kJ mol-1 and ATS 72 = 267 J K-1 mol-1. 

Replace stationary phase or column if stationary phase soluble, change chromatographic system Wash column sufficiently... 

Under the conditions of a catalyzed reaction, a sufficient solubility of a precatalyst is the prerequisite for the formation of a catalytically active species in a concentration high enough to ensure optimal homogeneous conditions. Furthermore, the solubility-changing influences of the reacting components must be considered. Therefore, solubility measurements were performed to... 

Abnormal behavior can occur in the reaction of an initially homogeneous system if there is a change in the physical nature of the system on reaction of the polymer. Partial reaction may yield a polymer that is no longer soluble in the reaction medium or that forms a highly viscous system. The solubility changes can be quite complex, as shown in the chlorination of polyethylene when carried out in solution using aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon solvents... 

When a functional group is substituted for H in benzene, the solubility changes with the ranking... 

Hydrophobic interactions seem to have negligible effects on polymer com-plexation, since, in this case, this temperature-dependent solubility change shows a positive temperature dependence in optical T% changes. Therefore, hydrogen bonding forces are probably the primary intermolecular interactions. 

Solubility of solids in liquids V I is usually given in units of grams of solute per 100 mL of solvent. Because solubility changes with temperature, the temperature is also specified (usually 20°C room temperature). 

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