Solubility Behavior of Carbonate Minerals

Most studies of carbonate chemistry in deep sea sediment pore waters have, therefore, focused on the the apparent solubility behavior of carbonates in these sediments. The basic hypothesis is that because of the relatively fast reaction kinetics of carbonate minerals and generally low sedimentation rates in deep sea... 

Calcium carbonate solubility is also temperature and pressure dependent. Pressure is a 6r more important fector than temperature in influencing solubility. As illustrated in Table 15.1, a 20°C drop in temperature boosts solubility 4%, whereas the pressure increase associated with a 4-km increase in water depth increases solubility 200-fold. The large pressure effect arises from the susceptibility of the fully hydrated divalent Ca and CO ions to electrostriction. Calcite and aragonite are examples of minerals whose solubility increases with decreasing temperature. This unusual behavior is referred to as retrograde solubility. Because of the pressure and temperature effects, calcium carbonate is fer more soluble in the deep sea than in the surfece waters (See the online appendix on the companion website). 

Blank J. G. and Brooker R. A. (1994) Experimental smdies of carbon dioxide in silicate melts solubility, speciation, and stable carbon isotope behavior. Rev. Mineral. 30, 157-186. 

Silica is by far the major component of the earth s crust, yet much remains to be learned of its chemistry and, in particular, its solubility behavior in water. The manner of its deposition to form such curiosities as quartz crystals containing inclusions of mineral oil, mercury, or liquid carbon dioxide remains a mystery (1). Flint, which our remote ancestors recognized as the strongest and toughest stone available, was apparently formed in some instances from the siliceous skeletons of ancient sponges by a mysterious process of solution transport. Within some plants and marine organisms, soluble silica is transported and deposited in characteristic intricate patterns. Only recently has it been recognized that soluble silica, even in trace amounts, plays a role in the development of mammals. 

Corrosion of industrial alloys in alkaline waters is not as common or as severe as attack associated with acidic conditions. Caustic solutions produce little corrosion on steel, stainless steel, cast iron, nickel, and nickel alloys under most cooling water conditions. Ammonia produces wastage and cracking mainly on copper and copper alloys. Most other alloys are not attacked at cooling water temperatures. This is at least in part explained by inherent alloy corrosion behavior and the interaction of specific ions on the metal surface. Further, many dissolved minerals have normal pH solubility and thus deposit at faster rates when pH increases. Precipitated minerals such as phosphates, carbonates, and silicates, for example, tend to reduce corrosion on many alloys. 

Gil son it e or Uintoite. A black, brittle, lustrous, bituminous, mineral consisting of solidified hydrocarbons. Found only in the US, namely in, Utah and Colorado. Its sp gr is 1.05 to 1.10 (77°F) hardness (Mohs scale) 2 penetration 0 (77°F) fusing point (B R) 270-370°F. Behavior on heating in flame — softens and flows. It is soluble in carbon disulfide and mixes well with the fatty acid pitches in all proportions. Its numerous uses are listed in Ref 2, p 535-L Accdg to Ellem (Ref 3, p 98), it is a versatile inexpensive fuel and somewhat of a binder and compaction aid. ... 

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