Solids phase diagrams

Phase Diagram (Zenz and Othmer) As shown in Fig. 17-2, Zenz and Othmer, (Fluidization and Fluid Particle Systems, Reinhold, New York, 1960) developed a gas-solid phase diagram for systems in which gas flows upward, as a function of pressure drop per unit length versus gas velocity with solids mass flux as a parameter. Line OAB in Fig. 17-2 is the pressure drop versus gas velocity curve for a packed bed, and line BD is the curve for a fluidized bed with no net solids flow through it. Zenz indicated that there was an instability between points D and H because with no solids flow, all the particles will be... 

Figure 4. Liquid—solid phase diagrams of EC/DMC, EC/ EMC, and PC/EC. (Reproduced with permission from ref 159 (Figure 9). Copyright 2000 The Electrochemical Society.)...

As an example of a liquid-solid phase diagram, we consider the salol-thymol system shown in Fig. 

Below is the vapor-liquid-solid phase diagram for 02 and N2 determined by experiment... 

Our purpose in these last two subsections has been to show how the simplest fundamental description of SEE for van der Waals solids can emerge from the hard-sphere model and mean field theory. Much of the remainder of the chapter deals with how we extend this kind of approach using simple molecular models to describe more complex solid-fiuid and solid-solid phase diagrams. In the next two sections, we discuss the numerical techniques that allow us to calculate SEE phase diagrams for molecular models via computer simulation and theoretical methods. In Section IV we then survey the results of these calculations for a range of molecular models. We offer some concluding remarks in Section V. 

FIGURE 1.6-1 Two limiting typea of binary liquid-solid phase diagram (a) both solid phases are pure ( ) solids are miscible in all proportions. 

Figure 123-1 The liquid-solid phase diagram for ethyl benzene-toluene mixtures.

Figure 12.4-2 is an example of the liquid-solid phase diagram for the copper-cobalt system. There we see that copper and cobalt are partially miscible in the solid phase, and that there is a region of temperature and composition in which solid cobalt is in equilibrium with molten copper-cobalt solutions. Above its melting point, cobalt is completely miscible with copper. 

K. Takaizumi, Liquid-solid phase diagram of PrOH/water and BuOH/water systems as studied by DSC, J. Solution Chem., 2000, 29, 377-388. 

A liquid-solid phase diagram established for blends of iPP/POE by means of DSC and LS is presented at the top left of Fig. 7.12, displaying four distinct regions isotropic (I), coexistence of crystal-isotropic (Ci +1), coexistence of crystal-crystal-isotropic (C1+C2 + I), and crystal-crystal (Ci + C2- -C3). Cj and C2 represent the a- and y-form crystals of iPP, respectively, while C3 is designated for POE crystals (31). The blend preparation is identical to the procedure conducted for sPP/POE blend specimens. These iPP/POE blends are found to be completely miscible in the melt state, showing little or no depression of the melting point with composition. 

Figure 7.22 (a) Liquid-solid phase diagram for the ePP/POE blends displaying isotropic (I), coexistence of isotropic-crystal (I + Ci), coexistence of isotropic-crystal (I + Ci + C2), and crystal-crystal (Cl + C2 + C3) regions (Ci and C2 correspond to crystals of a- and 7-phase of ePP, respectively, while C3 corresponds to POE), (b-f) Optical micrographs obtained displaying the dependence of crystallization temperature on crystalline morphologies of the 70/30 ePP/POE blend isothermally crystallized at various temperatures. 

In a one-component, or unary, system, only one chemical component is required to describe the phase relationships, for example, iron (Fe), water (H2O) or methane (CH4). There are many one-component systems, including all of the pure elements and compounds. The phases that can exist in a one-component system are limited to vapour, liquid and solid. Phase diagrams for one-component systems are specified in terms of two variables, temperature, normally specified in degrees centigrade,... 

Since pressure and density are often unimportant to descriptions of liquids and solids, binary liquid-liquid and solid-solid phase diagrams are often limited to plots of temperature vs. composition. Figure 8.20 shows such a Txx diagram computed from the Porter equation with the temperature dependence of A given by... 

Figure 9.29 One of the many isomorphisms that exist between vapor-liquid and liquid-solid phase diagrams for binary mixtures. (1(0) An isobaric Txy diagram with a minimum boiling-point azeotrope and a miscibility gap above an LLE situation (right) an isobaric Txx diagram with a minimum melting-point solutrope and a miscibility gap above an SSE situation.

METHANE, TETRADEUTERATED. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND SOLID PHASE DIAGRAM WITH ARGON. 

Ding, M. S., Liquid-solid phase diagrams of ternary and quaternary organic carbonates, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004, i5i, A731-A738. 

Figure 25.20 A fluid-solid phase diagram for lipid bilayer membranes containing two different phospholipids (DPPC-DPPE), showing that at some compositions x and temperatures T, a bilayer is disordered (fluid), at others it IS ordered (solid), and at intermediate compositions and temperatures a bilayer has coexisting solid and liquid phases. Source EJ Shimshick and HM McConnell, Biochemistry 12, 2351-2360 (1973).

Figure 4.19 In a full calculation of a phase diagram one can include the liquid phase. An ideal solution produces a liquid-solid phase diagram as on the left side of the figure. As the bond energy difference from Equation 4.25 becomes more significant the solid tends to prefer to separate into two phases. This has consequenees for both the low-temperature behavior described by Equation 4.29 and Figure 4.18 and for the liquid-solid relations. The result is the middle figure. A further increase in the tendeney to phase separate leads to the behavior on the right and to a binary eutectic phase diagram as in Figure 4.8.

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