Solids anisotropy

Ogawa K, Yonehara FI, Sho]i T, Kinoshita S, Maekawa E, Nakahara FI and Fukuda K 1989 Inplane anisotropy in Langmuir-Blodgett films of a oopper phthalooyanine derivative Thin Solid Films 178 439-43... 

The ideas developed in this chapter are descriptive of shock waves in fluids. Solids have many significant features that distinguish them from liquids and gases, such as shear strength, polymorphic phase transformations, heterogeneous structure, anisotropy, and viscoplastic behavior. The influences of these special properties of solids on shock compression are the topics of several of the other chapters, and for the most part are ignored in this introduction to the basic principles of shock compression. 

Figure 3 Characteristic solid state NMR line shapes, dominated by the chemical shift anisotropy. The spatial distribution of the chemical shift is assumed to be spherically symmetric (a), axially symmetric (b), and completely asymmetric (c). The top trace shows theoretical line shapes, while the bottom trace shows rear spectra influenced by broadening effects due to dipole-dipole couplings.

An Example Chemical Shift Anisotropy in Solid Vanadium Compounds... 

Surface SHG [4.307] produces frequency-doubled radiation from a single pulsed laser beam. Intensity, polarization dependence, and rotational anisotropy of the SHG provide information about the surface concentration and orientation of adsorbed molecules and on the symmetry of surface structures. SHG has been successfully used for analysis of adsorption kinetics and ordering effects at surfaces and interfaces, reconstruction of solid surfaces and other surface phase transitions, and potential-induced phenomena at electrode surfaces. For example, orientation measurements were used to probe the intermolecular structure at air-methanol, air-water, and alkane-water interfaces and within mono- and multilayer molecular films. Time-resolved investigations have revealed the orientational dynamics at liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-air, and air-solid interfaces [4.307]. 

Crystallography is a very broad science, stretching from crystal-structure determination to crystal physics (especially the systematic study and mathematical analysis of anisotropy), crystal chemistry and the geometrical study of phase transitions in the solid state, and stretching to the prediction of crystal structures from first principles this last is very active nowadays and is entirely dependent on recent advances in the electron theory of solids. There is also a flourishing field of applied crystallography, encompassing such skills as the determination of preferred orientations, alias textures, in polycrystalline assemblies. It would be fair to say that... 

The strength of a bond increases with the wood density in the region of approx. 0.7 to 0.8 g/cm Above this density, a decrease of the bond strength occurs. Performance and properties of wood-based panels are strongly influenced by the properties of the used wood. The anisotropy as well as the heterogeneity, the variability of various properties and the hygroscopicity have to be taken into account. Also the orientation of the wood fibers bonding solid wood has to be considered. 

If one includes finite anisotropy e, doublon solutions exist only above the solid line in Fig. 6, for which... 

Anisodiametrical particles of filler appearance of anisotropy of properties and relaxation phenomena, determined by the turn of solid particles in a flow... 

For density values g > 0.92 g/cm3 the deformation modes of the crystals predominate. The hard elements are the lamellae. The mechanical properties are primarily determined by the large anisotropy of molecular forces. The mosaic structure of blocks introduces a specific weakness element which permits chain slip to proceed faster at the block boundaries than inside the blocks. The weakest element of the solid is the surface layer between adjacent lamellae, containing chain folds, free chain ends, tie molecules, etc. 

Liquid crystals form a state of matter intermediate between the ordered solid and the disordered liquid. These intermediate phases are called mesophases. In the crystalline state the constituent molecules or ions are ordered in position and orientation, whereas in the liquid state the molecules possess no positional and orientational ordering. Liquid crystals combine to some extent the properties of both the crystalline state (optical and electrical anisotropy) and the liquid state (fluidity). 

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