Solid-state, generally

Perchlorate coordinated to a metal ion in the solid state generally is displaced in a polar solvent by a solvent (or another ligand) molecule. However, under favorable conditions, perchlorate coordination may persist in solution. In such cases, conductivity measurements are helpful in detecting the coordination of perchlorate (28). For instance, the conductance values of some lanthanide complexes Ln(hmpa)4(C104)3 (Ln = La, Nd, Gd, Dy, Yb) in nitrobenzene correspond to those of uniunivalent electrolytes, implying coordination of two of the perchlorates (29). The coordinated perchlorates are, however, easily displaced by the addition of hmpa as shown by the conductance values, which gradually increase to that corresponding to a 1 3 electrolyte. 

With the exception of both the EVOH grades, the remaining four barrier resins were orientable in the solid state. Generally, amorphous resins SELAR PA 3426 and polyacrylic-imide XHTA-50A were easier to orient than the semicrystalline resins, VDC copolymer and aromatic nylon MXD-6. In the case of both EVAL EP-E105 and SOARNOL D resins, all attempts to orient from the solid state were unsuccessful. 

Due to packing effects, molecules in the solid state generally reveal lower symmetry relative to the solution phase, and often there are as many resonances resolved as there are sites in the coordination complex." " Spin spin coupling, unobservable in solution, can be employed for structural assignments. Unless they are related by an inversion center, spins are magnetically inequivalent even if they... 

The addition of small particles to polymers enhances their viscosity in the molten state and their modulus in the solid state. Generally, tensile strength and brittleness are also enhanced. Particles with fibrous or disklike shapes induce anisotropic mechanical and electrical behavior. 

Kantorovloh L N 1988 An embedded-moleoular-oluster method for oaloulating the eleotronlo struoture of point defeots In non-metalllo orystals. I. General theory J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. 21 5041... 

Liquid-phase sintering is significantly more complex tlian solid-state sintering in tliat tliere are more phases, interfaces, and material transport mechanisms to consider. In general, densification will occur as long as it is... 

These are formed by less electropositive elements. They are characterised by the existence of discrete molecules which exist even in the solid state. They have generally lower melting and boiling points than the ionic halides, are more volatile and dissolve in non-polar solvents. 

Band 3, 3-93y. (2548 cm. ). This absorption is characteristic of carboxylic acids and is due to the 0—H stretching absorption in the reson-ance-stabUised dimer. (Carboxylic acids generally exist as dimers in the solid state and in all but very dilute solutions.)... 

Solid state ca 1640 Amide I is generally more intense than amide... 

If the flash lamp is pulsed very rapidly, the emergent beam appears at a rate governed by the lifetime of the inverted population. The resulting laser beam becomes almost continuous because the pulses follow each other so rapidly. However, such a solid-state laser should not be pulsed too rapidly because, if it is, the rod heats to an unacceptable extent, causing distortion and even fracture. Generally, solid-state lasers are not used in continuous mode because of this heating aspect. Liquid or gas lasers do not suffer from this problem. 

The development of lasers has continued in the past few years and 1 have included discussions of two more in this edition. These are the alexandrite and titanium-sapphire lasers. Both are solid state and, unusually, tunable over quite wide wavelength ranges. The titanium-sapphire laser is probably the most promising for general use because of its wider range of tunability and the fact that it can be operated in a CW or pulsed mode. 

The simplest form of melt extmsion is the use of a slot die to form the molten polymer into a thin flat profile which is then quenched immediately to a solid state (Fig. 1). This is usually done by contacting the hot web very quickly on a chilled roU or dmm. A liquid quenching bath may be used ia place of or contiguous to the chill roU. Depending on the polymer type or formulation, the quenched web is generally substantially amorphous. In some cases, the web may be drawn down ia thickness by overdriving the quenching roU relative to the extmsion velocity. 

For )V-unsubstituted pyrazoles the tautomeric proton was generally located without ambiguity. 3-Substituted tautomers were favoured in the solid state (45), (46) and (48) (Table 5). For the pyrazolyltriazole (47) the authors (77JHC65) concluded that the X-ray analysis indicates that the proton on the pyrazole ring populates either nitrogen atom to... 

The compounds obtained in solid state have the general formula [MefSCNf JR., (R-cations of cyanine dyes) and could be embedded into polyvinylchloride matrix. Using the matrix as work element of electrodes shows the anionic function concerning the anionic thiocyanate complexes of Pd, Hg, Zn and the response to sepai ately present thiocyanate and metallic ions is not exhibited. 

Here we analyse the effect of variation in the incoming supply parameters (voltage and frequency) on the characteristics and performance of an induction motor (such as its flux density, speed, torque, h.p., etc). We also assess the effect of variation of one parameter on the other, and then choose the most appropriate solid-state scheme to achieve a required performance. We generally discuss the following schemes ... 

This field is very large and a detailed study of the subject is beyond the scope of this handbook. We will limit our discussions to the area of this subject that relates to the control of a.c. motors and attempt to identify the different solid-state devices that have been developed and their application in the control of a.c. motors. ()nly the more common circuits and configurations are discussed. The brief discussion of the subject provided here, however, should help the reader to understand this subject in general terms and to use this knowledge in the field of a.c. motor controls to achieve from a soft start to a very precise speed control and, more importantly, to conserve the energy of the machine which would be wasted otherwise. For more details of. statie controllers see the Further reading (Sr. nos. 2, 4., 5, 8 and 12) at the end of the chapter. To... 

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