Solid-liquid state diagram

Fig. 1.19.2. Isoplethal section of the solid-liquid state diagram for R = 0.1. Section fields ...

Shalaev, E. Yu., Kaney, A. N. Study of the solid-liquid state diagram of the water-glycin-suchrose system. Cryobiology, 31, p. 374-382, 1994. Copyright 1994 Academic Press Inc. 

The solid-liquid state diagram of the GB-water system shown in Figure 52.3 was constructed from data obtained in the present study supplemented by the existing ones (Landolt-Bornstein, 1962). As the DSC heating scans obtained with the system in the concentration above 60 wt% were complicated, there remained ambiguity in the diagram about the existence of crystal hydrates other than monohydrate. Although eutectic... 

Solid-liquid state diagram of glycinebetaine-water system. Solubility curve (T,) was supplemented by the data in Landolt-Bornstein, Losungsgewichite von Festen und Fliissigen Stoffen in Fliissigkeiten, 6th Ed., Vol. ll/2b, 3-446, Springer, Berlin, 1962. With permission. 

E.Yu. Shalaev and F. Franks, Solid-liquid state diagrams in pharmaceutical lyophilisation crystallisation of solutes. In Amorphous Food and Pharmaceutical Systems, H. Levine (ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2002, pp. 200-215. 

In Chapter 13 we discussed briefly the solid-liquid equilibrium diagram of a feldspar. Feldspar is an ideal, solid solution of albite (NaAlSiaOg) and anorthite (CaAlSi20g) in the solid state as well as an ideal, liquid solution of the same components in the molten state. The relationships that we have developed in this chapter permit us to interpret the feldspar phase diagram (Figure 13.4) in a quantitative way. 

Figure 14.27 (Solid + liquid) phase diagram for (xi Ag + j Au) at p = 0.1 MPa, an example of a system with complete miscibility in both the liquid and solid states.

Figure 14.29 shows the (solid + liquid) phase diagram for (benzene + hexafluoro-benzene). A congruently melting solid molecular addition compound with the formula QFU-CeFe ) is evident in this system.26 The rounded top of the freezing curve (solid line) for the addition compound results from almost complete dissociation of the addition compound in the liquid mixture. In other words, benzene and hexafluorobenzene act as independent molecular species in the liquid state and combine together as the addition compound only in the solid state. 

System in which the solid phases consist of the pure components and the components are completely miscible in the liquid phase. We may now conveniently consider the general case of a system in which the two components A and B are completely miscible in the liquid state and the solid phases consist of the pure components. The equilibrium diagram is shown in Fig. 1,12, 1. Here the points A and B are the melting points of the pure components A and B respectively. If the freezing points of a series of liquid mixtures, varying in composition from pure A to pure B, are determined, the two curves represented by AC and BC will be obtained. The curve AC expresses the compositions of solutions which are in equilibrium, at different temperatures, with the solid component A, and, likewise, the curve BC denotes the compositions... 

The phase diagram for aluminum/silicon (Fig. 4.5) is a typical example of a system of two components that form neither solid solutions (except for very low concentrations) nor a compound with one another, but are miscible in the liquid state. As a special feature an acute minimum is observed in the diagram, the eutectic point. It marks the melting point of the eutectic mixture, which is the mixture which has a lower melting point than either of the pure components or any other mixture. The eutectic line is the horizontal line that passes through the eutectic point. The area underneath is a region in which both components coexist as solids, i.e. in two phases. 

The best-known examples of phase transition are the liquid-vapour transition (evaporation), the solid-liquid transition (melting) and the solid-vapour transition (sublimation). The relationships between the phases, expressed as a function of P, V and T consitute an equation of state that may be represented graphically in the form of a phase diagram. An idealized example, shown in figure 1, is based on the phase relationships of argon [126]. 

Positive deviations from ideal behaviour for the solid solution give rise to a miscibility gap in the solid state at low temperatures, as evident in Figures 4.10(a)-(c). Combined with an ideal liquid or negative deviation from ideal behaviour in the liquid state, simple eutectic systems result, as exemplified in Figures 4.10(a) and (b). Positive deviation from ideal behaviour in both solutions may result in a phase diagram like that shown in Figure 4.10(c). 

Water is the only form of matter occurring abundantly in all three phases (or states) solid, liquid, and gas (or vapor) (Fennema, 1996). Temperature and pressure determine the phase of water, as well as the type(s) and velocity(ies) of water molecule motion. A basic phase diagram (moderate pressure-temperature range) for pure water is shown in Figure 7. Given the... 

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