Solid—liquid interface, tunneling

Scanning tunneling (STM) was invented a decade ago by Binnig and Rohrer [72], and was first applied to the solid-liquid interface by Sonnenfeld and Hansma in 1986 [73]. Since then, there have been numerous applications of STM to in situ electrochemical experiments [74-76]. Because the STM method is based on tunneling currents between the surface and an extremely small probe tip, the sample must be reasonably conductive. Hence, STM is particularly suited to investigations of redox and conducting polymer-modified electrodes [76,77],... 

Since the first report on a copper(II) Pc adlayer on Cu(100) [178], several studies describing the formation of Pc adlayers in air, in ultra-high vacuum (UHV), or at the solid-liquid interface have been reported [179-183], most of them involving the use of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), a widely used technique for studying the organization of Pc derivatives on surfaces. 

Sowerby, S.J., and Petersen, G.B. (1997) Scanning tunneling microscopy of uracil monolayers self-assembled at the solid/ liquid interface. Journal of... 

Electron Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of the Solid—Liquid Interface lodine-Catafyzed Dissolution of Pd(llO)... 

Fig. 31 Structures of OPVs functionalized with triazine units that form hexameric rosettes, a, b Scanning tunneling microscope images of 50 and 51 monolayers at the solid-liquid interface nsing graphite as the substrate and 1-phenyloctane as the solvent, c, d Close-up images of the 50 and 51 rosettes. Arrows indicate the rotation direction of the rosettes. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2004 John Wiley Sons)...

Wang, D. Wan, L.-J. 2007. Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy Adlayer structure and reaction at solid/liquid interface. J. Phys. Chem. C 111 16109-16130. 

Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) is a very useful technique for investigating electrochemical processes at the solid-liquid interface at extremely high ( sub-A to nm level)... 

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