Solid explosives

Solid diazonium salts are very sensitive to shock when perfectly dry and detonate violently upon gentle heating they are, therefore, of little value for preparative work. Happily, most of the useful reactions of diazonium compounds can be carried out with the readily-acoeasible aqueous solutions, so that the solid (explosive) diazonium salts are rarely requir. ... 

In nonreactive materials, regions of elevated temperature, or hot spots, have an influence on material strength. In solid explosives this is also true, but the additional effeet is to start exothermal ehemieal reaetions which then lead to detonation. The hot-spot temperatures generated in typical secondary explo-... 

Solid explosives which are classified as extremely sensitive to mechanical shock. 

Bobolev, Initiation of Solid Explosives by Impact , NASAJournal TTF-623 (1971)... 

Bridgman, The Effect of High Mechanical Stress On Certain Solid Explosives , JChem-Phys 15, 311-13 (1947) CA 41, 49211... 

Noonan, Energy Requirements For The Ignition of Seven Solid Explosives , PrRoySoc A-246, 167-75 (1958) CA52,21106 (1958)... 

Fig. 6.6. Friction tests, (a) Liquid explosives, (b) Solid explosives.

As the loading density of a powdered solid explosive is reduced the detonation velocity becomes less. This follows from equation (5) of Chapter 2, asp2 is smaller the lower the density. Calculation shows that at the lowest densities the detonation velocity tends towards a limiting lower value, typically about 2000 m s-1. This is also the detonation velocity in a dust explosion of these substances. 

H0 can be calculated from the propellant composition, but He must be obtained by successive approximation, assuming that the final state of the exhaust gases is known. For present purposes, it is sufficient to note that H0 — He correlates well with the heat of explosion of the solid explosive. In order to obtain the maximum thrust from a rocket it is therefore necessary to achieve the highest combustion temperature, but also necessary to produce gases with the lowest mean molecular weight. 

The burning rate of the solid explosive is increased by various chromium compounds. 

Dale, C. B., "Hazard Classification of Explosives for Transportation—Non-solid Explosives Phase III," Naval Ordnance Station, Report No. DOT/RSPA/MTB-78/2 (1978). 

Price, D., Jaffe, J. und Robertson, G. E. Shock Sensitivity of Solid Explosives and Propellants, XXXVI. Int. Kongrefi f. Industrielle Chemie, Brussel 1966Lee, J. H., Knystautas, R. und Bach, G. G. Theory of Explosion, McGill University Press, Montreal 1969... 

Hornberg, H. The State of the Detonation Products of Solid Explosives, Propellants Explos. 3, 97-106 (1978)... 

Hazard Class A series of nine descriptive terms that have been established by the UN Committee of Experts to categorize the hazardous nature of chemical, physical, and biological materials. These categories are flammable liquids, flammable solids, explosives, gases, oxidizers, radioactive materials, corrosives, poisonous and infectious substances, and dangerous substances. 

Under the simulation conditions, the HMX was found to exist in a highly reactive dense fluid. Important differences exist between the dense fluid (supercritical) phase and the solid phase, which is stable at standard conditions. One difference is that the dense fluid phase cannot accommodate long-lived voids, bubbles, or other static defects, whereas voids, bubbles, and defects are known to be important in initiating the chemistry of solid explosives.107 On the contrary, numerous fluctuations in the local environment occur within a time scale of tens of femtoseconds (fs) in the dense fluid phase. The fast reactivity of the dense fluid phase and the short spatial coherence length make it well suited for molecular dynamics study with a finite system for a limited period of time chemical reactions occurred within 50 fs under the simulation conditions. Stable molecular species such as H20, N2, C02, and CO were formed in less than 1 ps. 

Development, 1941. Report on the Prediction of Detonation Velocities of Solid Explosives. 

Conditions for Impact and Shock-induced Hot Spots in Solid Explosives. 

Hexanitrostilbene or HNS (C14H6N6012) is a heat-resistant yellow crystalline solid explosive. HNS is also resistant to radiation, insensitive to electric sparks, and less sensitive to impact than tetryl. It is used in heat-resistant booster explosives and has been used in stage separations in space rockets and for seismic experiments on the moon. Its melting temperature is 316 °C.12... 

Solid Explosive -> Detonation Products (At standard (On the C-J isentrope (5)... 

Confinement, Effect on the Detonation Haves in Solid Explosives. See Vol 3, p C498-R... 

Donna Price et al, Shock Sensitivity of Solid Explosives and Propellants , paper presented to be published in Proc36thCongr sIn-ternational de Chimie Industrie lies, Belgium, Sept 1966 17) Donna Price, Contrasting... 

Critical Diameter of Solid Explosives. This subject is discussed in the books of Baum et al (Ref 1) and of Andreev Belyaev (Ref 2) Combining information from both books, we compiled the following table ... 

Critical Diameters of Some Solid Explosives in Powdery Form... 

Figure 1 Steady plane detonation in a solid explosive. The detonation zone i8 reduced to rest by making the explosive feed into the detonation zone from right to left at the detonation velocity D...

Detonation (and Explosion) of Condensed (Liquid and Solid) Explosives. 

It should be noted that solid explosives may be detonated in any condition from a coarse powder to a single crystal (Ref 6, p 166). Heterogeneous polycrystalline mixtures can be termed "solid only by convention phenomena such as grain erosion in the detonation reaction zone are of dominant importance. They depend in a complex way on the intercrystalline free space and on a free space more strictly defined, the difference between the volume of the crystals and the volume of the ions therein... 

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