Solid energy conservation

Energy conservation through solid-state technology 6/134... 

A very important feature of solid-state technology is energy conservation in the process of speed control. The slip losses that appear in the rotor circuit are now totally eliminated. With the application of this technology, we can change the characteristics of the motor so that the voltage and frequency are set at values just sufficient to meet the speed and power requirements of the load. The power drawn from the mains is completely utilized in doing useful work rather than appearing as stator losses, rotor slip losses or external resistance losses of the rotor circuit. 

Static drives using solid-state technology (see Section 6.2) This is the best method for achieving the required speed variations, not from the point of view of quicker and smoother speed variations, but of total energy conservation even at low outputs. 

This part-also deals w ith static controls and drives, soft starting and process control through solid-state technology (phasor and field-oriented controls) using IGBTs as well as energy conservation,... 

Energy conservation has often been referred to as the fifth fuel , the other four being the so-called primary or fossil fuels of coal (solid), oil (liquid), gas and nuclear/hydro-electricity. This emphasizes the importance of reducing the amount of energy used, not only nationally but also internationally. 

Figure 8.9 Control volume energy conservation for a thermally thick solid with flame spread steady velocity, Up...

The quantum efficiency for solid-state devices, e.g. solar cells, is always below unity. For n-type silicon electrodes anodized in aqueous or non-aqueous HF electrolytes, quantum efficiencies above unity are observed because one or more electrons are injected into the electrode when a photogenerated hole enters the electrolyte. Note that energy conservation is not violated, due to the enthalpy of the electrochemical dissolution reaction of the electrode. 

Taking into account the axial conduction of heat in the solid phase, the energy conservation equation for the gas is... 

Tangible benefits of consolidation could be identified readily. Experience in the Conroe field as well as other large MER fields has shown that the con solidated/automated production method improves safety, environmental compliance, and energy conservation and increases the profitability of existing reserves. On the basis of this experience, the plan for consolidating all properties was presented to the unit working interest owners for approval. Consolidation and automation were approved on the basis of economic benefits in six major areas. 

Using eqn 1.12, and the principle of energy conservation, the photoelectric effect can be explained without difficulty. Let be the minimum energy required to liberate an electron from a particular solid, a quantity known as the work function. Then if each photon transmits its energy to just one electron, the maximum emitted energy must be... 

The equation of state in an isentropic process of a gas-solid mixture can be obtained in terms of an energy conservation relationship. When applying the first law of thermodynamics to a gas-solid mixture, we have... 

Heterogeneous Models. The two-phase character of a packed-bed is preserved in a heterogeneous model. Thus mass and energy conservation equations are written separately for the fluid and solid phases. These equations are linked together by mass and heat transport between the phases. 

The combustion mechanism addressed involves inert heat conduction in the solid, surface gasification by an Arrhenius process and a gas-phase deflagration having a high nondimensional activation energy. With the density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of the solid assumed constant, the equation for energy conservation in the solid becomes... 

As an especially simple example of an intrinsic instability, let us first consider the planar, adiabatic, gasless combustion of a solid, mentioned at the beginning of Section 7.1 and discussed in the middle of Section 7.4. The statement of energy conservation in the solid may be taken to be equation (56) with a heat-release term, say w, added to the right-hand side. Although Wq properly depends on the reactant concentration, a temperature-explicit... 

In this chapter we will deal with steady-state and transient (or non steady-state) heat conduction in quiescent media, which occurs mostly in solid bodies. In the first section the basic differential equations for the temperature field will be derived, by combining the law of energy conservation with Fourier s law. The subsequent sections deal with steady-state and transient temperature fields with many practical applications as well as the numerical methods for solving heat conduction problems, which through the use of computers have been made easier to apply and more widespread. 

Figure 3. Dressed state basis for atomic collisions. A - The square of the transfer matrix between the excitation Fock state and the dressed state bases for N = M = 100. Darker areas correspond to larger probability. B - Damping spectrum between the N = M = 5000 manifold and the N = 4999, M = 5000 manifold. Dashed line k = 3.2, dotted line k = 1.6 and solid line k = 0.7, q = k/ /2. Inset energy-conserving surfaces for the two center frequencies of the solid line and for elastic damping from mode k (dashed line). The splitting in the spectrum is due to the nonlinear population oscillations due to three-wave mixing of the modes in the time domain. This behavior is analogous to that of a strongly driven two level atom (Mollow splitting).

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