Solid-cone

Hydraulic (Pressure) Nozzles Manufacturers data such as shown by Fig. 14-88 are available for most nozzles for the air-water system. In Fig. 14-88, note the much coarser solid-cone spray. The coarseness results from the less uniform discharge. 

Solid cone (see Fig. 14-87/ ). Similar to hollow cone hut with insert to provide even distribution. More uniform spatial pattern than hollow cone. Coarser drops for comparable flows and pressure drops. Failure to yield... 

FIG. 14-87 Charactersitic spray nozzles, a) Whirl-chamber hollow cone, (h ) Solid cone, (c) Oval-orifice fan. (d) Deflector jet. (e) Impinging jet. (/) Bypass, (g) Poppet, (h) Two-flnid. ( ) Vaned rotating wheel. 

Solid-cone spray atomizers usually generate relatively coarse droplets. In addition, the droplets in the center of the spray cone are larger than those in the periphery. In contrast, hollow-cone spray atomizers produce finer droplets, and the radial liquid distribution is also preferred for many industrial applications, particularly for combustion applications. However, in a simplex atomizer, the liquid flow rate varies as the square root of the injection pressure. To double the flow rate, a fourfold increase in the injection pressure is... 

The IR/UV flame detectors are used to sense fires. Flame detectors that use only IR or UV can experience false alarms. The IR/UV detector is designed to recognize a different type of flame signature from the detectors while rejecting common false sources. When the conditions of any one of the several fire conditions are met the detector indicates a fire. IR/UV flame detectors generally have a cone of vision from 60 to 120-degree solid cone field of view. 

These results show that droplet vaporization must be different between the three flames. Droplet and fuel vapor transport must be significantly different for these flames and must affect combustion efficiency. The solid-cone nature of the spray flame was found to be preserved irrespective of the atomization gas. 

The droplet number density presented in Fig. 16.4 indicates the solid-cone nature of the spray except in the immediate vicinity downstream of the nozzle exit. On the spray centerline at 2 = 10 mm, steam provides a lower number density as compared to the two air cases. This is due to the expansion of the spray jet at a relatively lower Reynolds number with steam and rapid vaporization of smaller sized droplets. At increased radial positions and 2 = 10 mm, a peak in the number density corresponds to the spray cone boundary. This peak shifts radially outwards with an increase in axial distance due to the expansion of the spray cone. Similar phenomena are observed for the normal and preheated air cases except that droplet number density for the preheated air case is much higher on the spray central axis (at r = 0). This is attributed to the effect of preheated air on atomization (i.e., larger mean droplet size and smaller number density with normal air as compared to that for heated atomization... 

Approximate particle size Feed solids cone, wt % Filtration rate (9) kg/(m )(hr) Vacuum Pump (9) ... 

Table 10 Solid Cone Angles (12) for Some Tertiary Phosphines Based on X-Ray Structures...

The spray pattern is also important. A solid cone pattern mixes less well than a hollow cone, sheet, or multiple jet patterns. Drops that enter along the edge of the spray pattern nearest the exit have less time to heat up and evaporate. Drops that enter along the edges of the spray pattern nearest the walls may not fully evaporate before hitting the walls, resulting in erosion and corrosion of the brick. 

At the beginning of the process, after loading the product, the lower part of the chamber is filled with water of adequate chemical and bacteriological quality. The air contained in the chamber is not removed. A sanitary-type pump circulates the filling water through a heat exchanger (of the removable-plate or other sanitary type) that is indirectly heated in countercurrent with plant steam. The water is then sprayed onto the load by a sparger located in the upper part of the chamber and equipped with a system of solid-cone spray nozzles. Uniform water redistribution in the lower layers of the load is ensured by suitable perforated racks that support the product. Sometimes additional water spray bars are located on both sides of the chamber. 

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