Synthetic solar system

Reviews have already been published by J. H. Fendler on Polymerized Surfactant Vesicles 91 92,931 which refer to Novel Membrane Mimetic Systems , synthetic strategies leading to them and their characterization and potential utilization in various areas such as solar energy conversion and reactivity control. It is the intend of this appendix to bring the reader up to date on the state of the art of polymerized liposomes. 

It is difficult to imagine just how these molecules, once formed, somehow evolved further into the extraordinarily complex systems afforded by even the simplest bacterium able to utilize energy from the sun to support and reproduce itself. Nonetheless, synthetic peptides do coil and aggregate rather like natural proteins, and some also have shown catalytic activities characteristic of natural enzymes. One would hope that some kind of life would be found elsewhere in the solar system, the analysis of which would help us to better understand how life began on earth. 

Currently there are about 200,000 ionic compounds known to man (most of them being synthetic). The most common ionic compound is table salt or sodium chloride. Some common examples of ionic compounds include potassium permanganate, sodium azide, sodium nitrate, potassium chloride, sodium fluoride, potassium chlorate, and zinc sulfate. Ionic compounds make up the majority of the earth, solar system, and the universe. 

The world of chemistry involves every single aspect, comer, and micro drop of everything that is matter. Our solar system and the entire universe all function on a chemical level—In essence, chemistry is everything. The universe and everything in it is composed of atoms and molecules, and within this massive space, there exists tens of millions of chemical compounds—either known or unknown. The compounds that are known make up only 5% of the naturally occurring compounds, leaving a massive 95% of them being synthetic (prepared in the lab)—all explosives are synthetic. 

Fig. 5.1 Model of our Solar System (left) (assumed here to be Black Bodies) with Earth synthetic reflection and emission spectrum shown. Synthetic transmission spectra (right) of the Earth from VIS to IR shown. The intensity is given as a fraction of solar intensity as well as the relative height in the atmosphere. The atmospheric features are indicated [25]...

As described in Section 3 of Chapter 2, multi-electron processes are important for designing conversion systems. Noble metals are most potent catalysts to realize a multi-electron catalytic reaction. It is well known that the activity of a metal catalyst increases remarkably in a colloidal dispersion. Synthetic polymers have often been used to stabilize the colloids. Colloidal platinum supported on synthetic polymers is attracting notice in the field of photochemical solar energy conversion, because it reduces protons by MV to evolve H2 gas.la)... 

Monocyclic oxazines and thiazines also function as bases and as very useful synthetic intermediates, particularly for the construction of carbonyl derivatives and as starting points for many complex heterocyclic systems. These properties are illustrated in earlier parts of this chapter. Finally, at a time when man has become acutely aware of the diminution of fossil fuel reserves, phenothiazines have been shown to be potentially valuable in solar energy converters (79MI22701). 

Essentially, there are three contending energy systems (1) the present fossil fuel system, (2) the coal/synthetic fossil fuel system, and (3) the solar hydrogen energy system, which is a special ease of the hydrogen energy system. 

Pollutant Fossil fuel system (kg/GJ) Coal/synthetic fossil system (kg/GJ) Solar-hydrogen system (kg/GJ)... 

Item Unit Fossil fuel system Coal/synthetic fossil system Solar- hydrogen system... 

---