Solar ceils

Figure 16 Schematic representation of a typicai CIGS solar ceil...

Licht S, Hodes G, Teraie R, Manassen J (1987) A light-variation insensitive high efficiency solar ceil. Nature 326 863-864... 

Yu Q, Zhou D, Shi Y, Si X, Wang Y, Wang P (2010) Stable and efficient dye-sensitized solar ceils photophysical and electrical characterizations. Energe Environ Sci 3 1722-1725... 

Most semiconductor materiaisfor opto-electronic appiications must be in the form of single crystals with exceptional crystalline perfection and purity. Typically, large boules are sliced into wafers, and devices are prepared by either diffusing dopants into them and/or by depositing on them compounds of either similar composition (homoepitaxy) or different composition (heteroepitaxy). Some semiconductors in polycrystalline film or bulk form have also been found useful in a few applications, the most important being low cost solar ceils. This latter application has stimulated much of the recent work on the electrolytic deposition of semiconductor materials. 

Figure 16.4. A bilayer organic solar ceil—the original version by C. W. Tang used zinc phthaiocyanine as the donor (D) and a peryiene dye as the acceptor (A).

Thermally activated ceilings are used to heat and cool the building. In summer the ceilings are cooled by well water. Therefore humidity control is required to prevent humid air from condensating at the ceilings. The humidity is controlled by a solar driven liquid desiccant cooling and dehumidification... 

After the proper inside and summer outside temperature conditions for comfort and temperature conditions for process air conditioning have been selected, the next step is to calculate the space cooling load, which is made up of sensible heat and latent heat loads. The sensible heat load consists of (1) transmission through walls, roofs, floors, ceilings, and window glass, (2) solar and sky radiation, (3) heat gains from infiltration of outside air, (4) heat gains from people. 

Use Thickening and emulsifying agent for oil-water systems, drilling muds, cattle-feed supplements, tile cleaners, disperson of oil slicks on seawater, plastics, solar-heated ceiling tiles. 

A muitielectrode photoelectrochemlcal ceil for unassisted photocatalysis and photosynthesis, and incorporating a bipolar T102/Pt multielectrode cell with five panels has been described. It has been used for unassisted photolysis of H2O and produces an H t 0 molar ratio of 2.4 1. In a new induced junction solar cell a strong inversion layer is induced by an external bias voltage across an insulating layer. Its... 

Solar cells are photodiodes optimized for maximum conversion of photons to electrical current. These are optimized for either terrestrial-based sun or atmosphere-free exposure. Two basic types of ceils are the flat panel (large area) and the concentrator (few mm"). Concentrator cells employ mirrors or lenses to concentrate the sunlight by a factor of 100 to 500 X. 

Licht S, Hodes G (2008) Photoelectrochemical storage ceils. In Archer MD, Nozik AJ (eds) Nano-structured and photoelectrochemical systems for solar photon conversion. Imperial College Press, London, p591... 

Walter MG, Warren EL, McKone JR, Boettchcu SW, Mi Q, Santori EA, Lewis NS (2010) Solar water splitting ceils. Chem Rev 110 6446-6473... 

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