Sol concentrations

Two further aspects of records deserve special mention. First, the recent and substantial anthropogenic production of SO2 has a clear signature in increased SOl concentrations in Greenland accumulation, but not in northwestern Canada or the Antarctic (Mayewski et ai, 1993). Second, large or local volcanic eruptions can produce substantial S04 spikes. 

Table 7. Influence of gold sol concentration on particle diameter.

Figure 1A shows that the CCC decreases with increasing sol concentration in the range of 50 to 200 ppm. The variation of the CCC with sol concentration is by no means an unexpected observation in view of previous work with other systems (7). Recently Bensley and Hunter (8) have investigated this aspect of colloidal stability with latices and found that up to a volume fraction of 0.10 the CCC was independent of the volume fraction. These authors also pointed out the difficulties involved in measuring the stability of more... 

At a given pore size of the support a certain minimum concentration is necessary to obtain a gel layer, otherwise pore clogging will occur. With an increase in the sol concentration the casting rate increases. Typical concentrations used are from 0.7-1.2 mol AlOOH/L (see (5) below). 

Let us recall the schematic illustration of the raw phenomenon of the clay swelling in Figure 1.4. In the cases studied in Chapters 1 to 3, V was always much greater than V, the volume occupied by the macroions. We now define Vm to be the volume occupied by the macroions in the coagulated (crystalline) state, as in Figure 1.4a in the vermiculite system. This is an experimentally controlled variable. We define the sol concentration r by... 

TABLE 4.3 Sol Concentration Effect in n-Butylammonium Vermiculite Swelling in 0.001-M, 0.01 Mand 0.1 M Soaking Solutions c= 0.001 M ... 

Note r is the sol concentration, c is the salt concentration of the solution added to the crystals, W is the number of washes that the crystals were given and Ns is the number of samples used under each set of conditions. Measured salt concentrations in the supernatant fluid cex and the gel phase cgd and the salt fractionation factor s=cex/cgel, are given in the form a <7, where a is the average result and exits standard deviation. The exception is the r = 0.01, c = 0.03 M result, for which only the average values are given. 

Interlayer Spacing d as a Function of Salt Concentration c from Neutron Diffraction Measurements in the Sol Concentration Range r between 0.01 and 0.1... 

Before moving on to how the structure of the dressed macroion (see Figure 8.5) depends on uniaxial stress and sol concentration as well as salt concentration, and... 

Average d-Values (A) Observed in the LOQ Experiments as a Function of the Sol Concentration r and the Salt Concentration... 

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