Soil solarization thermal

Stapleton JJ (1991) Physical effects of soil solarization-thermal inactivation of crop pests and pathogens and other soil changes caused by solarization. In DeVay JE, Stapleton JJ, Elmore... 

Numerous and complex mechanisms are reported in literature for soil solarization effects, involving also the combination of several interrelated processes (Katan 1987 Stapleton and DeVay 1995 Stapleton 1997), but main effects of solarization treatments were found related essentially to the thermal action of solarization and the consequent chemical and biological changes occurring in the soil. 

Economou G, Mavrogiannopoulos G, Paspatis EA (1997) Weed seed responsiveness to thermal degree hours under laboratory conditions and soil solarization in greenhouse. In Proceedings of the second conference on soil solarization. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 147, Rome, Italy, pp 246-263... 

Pinkas Y, Kariv A, Katan J (1984) Soil solarization for the control of Phytophthora cinnamomi thermal and biological effects. Phytopathology 74 796 Pinkerton JN, Ivors KL, Miller ML, Moore LW (2000) Effect of soil solarization and cover crops on populations of selected soilborne plant pathogens in Western Oregon. Plant Dis 84 952-960. doi 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.9.952... 

Pullman GS, DeVay JE, Garber RH (1981a) Soil solarization and thermal death a logarithmic relationship between time and temperature for four soilbome plant pathogens. Phytopathology... 

Solarization process increases soil temperatures up to levels lethal to many plant pathogens and pests and, therefore, direct thermal inactivation is the most important and normally expected mechanism. Some studies on the biochemical bases of sensitivity of organisms to high temperatures hypothesized that heat sensitivity is related to small differences in cell macromolecules, leading to a lethal increase of intra-molecular hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide bonds (Brock 1978). Sundarum (1986) suggested a reduced cell membrane function beyond an upper limit fluidity... 

Other factors do intervene. Significant solar heating of the soil surface, so that the soil becomes warmer than the air, causes vertical thermal convection currents to develop within the boundary layers. This introduces turbulence or instability that acts to move the chemical signature up into the free air. When the molecules are moved into the free flow of the air, the effect is to reduce the concentration by dilution. Conversely, when the soil surface is cooler than the air, thermal convection is inhibited, with the result that the molecules are effectively trapped in the boundary layer. This effect is strengthened by the cooling of the air adjacent to the surface, which increases its viscosity. Higher viscosity lowers the Reynold s number, thus decreasing boundary layer thickness. 

Thermal Treatment. Yarden et al.(8) reported that a 4 wk solarization (solar heating of soil under plastic (19)) of soil displaying enhanced degradation of the fungicide MBC greatly reduced the enhanced activity. To determine if the microbial populations... 

Pepin RO, Becker RH, Rider PE (1995) Xenon and krypton isotopes in extraterrestrial regolith soils and in the solar wind. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59 4997-5022 Pellas P, Fieni C (1988) Thermal histories of ordinary chondrite parent asteroids. Lunar Planet Sci XIX, Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, p 915-916... 

The most important interferences with the components of the biosphere are the changes of the chemical composition of air, particularly reduction of oxygen and increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and air pollution with solid materials which result in changes in the quantity of solar radiation falling on the earth s surface, thermal pollution of the atmosphere, changes in the water cycle in nature, and pollution of the hydrosphere and soil, etc. 

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