Voltage-regulated sodium channel,

Agnew, W. S. Voltage-regulated sodium channel molecules. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 517-530,1984. 

Mechanism of Action An anticonvulsant whose exact mechanism is unknown. May block voltage-sensitive sodium channels, thus stabilizing neuronal membranes and regulating presynaptic transmitter release of excitatory amino acids. Therapeutic Effect Reduces seizure activity... 

Voltage-regulated sodium channels are the major participants in propagation of nerve impulses. Tire large 260-kDa a subunit of the sodium channel of nerve membranes contains four homologous repeat sequences, each of which may form transmembrane helices and also contain a loop that may participate in forming a pore similar to the K+ pore of Fig. 8-21.509 510a However, the structure is uncertain.511 Tire channel complex also contains 36- or 33-kDa Pj and P2 subunits that appear to be members of the Ig superfamily. 

Shcherbatko A, Ono F, Mandel G, Brehm P 1999 Voltage-dependent sodium channel function is regulated through membrane mechanics. Biophys J 77 1945—1959... 

Dargent B, Couraud F 1990 Down-regulation of voltage-dependent sodium channels initiated by sodium influx in developing neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 5907-5911... 

Rosenberg RL, Tomiko SA, Agnew WS (1984) Reconstitution ofneurotoxin-modulated ion transport by the voltage-regulated sodium channel isolated from the electroplax of Electrophorus electricus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 1239-1243... 

Dravid, S.M., Baden, D.G. and Murray, T.F., Brevetoxin activation of voltage-gated sodium channels regulates Ca dynamics and ERKl/2 phosphorylation in murine neocortical neurons, J. Neurochem., 89, 739, 2004. 

A series of potent alkaloids were first isolated from den-drobatid frogs of western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, but are now known to be more widespread in distribution. These alkaloids affect at least three classes of channels in nerve and muscle. The first two are receptor-regulated channels, in particular the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel. The histrionicotoxins are noncompetitive blockers of this receptor-channel complex (Daly et al, 1993). The second class of channels are the voltage-dependent sodium channels. Histrionicotoxins reduce conductances in a manner reminiscent of local anesthetics (Daly et al., 1993). Despite these effects, these alkaloids have relatively low toxicity (Daly et al., 1993). 

Rossie, S. (1999) Regulation of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels by phosphorylation. Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphorylation Research 33, 23 18. 

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