Soaps creation

Beef fat reacting to alkaline wood ashes led to the creation of the earliest soap, and it has been the cleaning product of choice for millennia. Soap is made from a fatty acid that is reacted with an alkali. The acid end of the fatty acid reacts with the alkali to form a salt that is water soluble. The other end is the fatty end, which repels water and is attracted to fats and oils. The process of making soap is called saponification. 

This latter support was based on the then accepted idea that the molecule could not be larger than the unit cell of the crystal. In addition, supporters noted that the colloidal properties of many substances such as soaps are based on the creation of large aggregates of small single molecules. 

Because of its stability combined with a soft floral note it has a wide use in jasmin and honeysuckle creations for, for example, body care products, soaps, and detergents. 

The floral accords form an essential part of the perfumer s repertoire. They are valuable not only as building blocks, or bases, in the creation of all types of perfume but also as fragrances in their own right. With some modification the floral accords can be used as single floral notes for functional products such as soaps, cosmetics, and household products. They also form an excellent starting point for student perfumers in the formulation of simple compounds. 

Carles, J. 1961. Une methode de creation en parfumerie. Recherches, Dec. 1961. English transl. A method of creation in perfumery, Soap, Perf, Cosm. 35 328-335 (1962). 

A collaborative study on the Human and Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) of cleaning products between Cefic and the International Soap, Detergent and Maintenance Products Association (AISE) resulted in the risk assessment of several substances through the relevant supply chains. The project enabled downstream users to develop a better understanding of the final use and environmental endpoints of these products. A major result of the initiative has been the creation of a website where customers and consumers can be informed on the risks associated with specific substances. 

The complete composition evokes the mythical being (the prisoner of the bottle), the spirit of the user. The creation has taken into account both the framework of the customer s brief and the chemistry of the fine-fragrance and the toiletry range based on it. With adaption, it is robust enough for the chemical environment of soaps, antiperspirants, shampoos and shower gels. 

The presence of emulsifiers (materials that promote emulsion formation) influences the ability to form an emulsion between petroleum and water. Emulsifiers act by lowering the interfacial tension between the phases and creating a strong adsorbed layer around the surface of the internal phase. Emulsifiers that are soluble in water (hydrophilic) promote the creation of oil in water emulsion. Alkaline soaps, starch and so on are such hydrophilic emulsifiers. Hydrophobic emulsifiers (i.e. soluble in petroleum) promote the formation of water in oil emulsions. Hydrophobic emulsifiers include resins dispersed in particle form within soot, clay and other substances. Petroleum emulsions can be characterized using properties such as viscosity, dispersion, density, electrical properties and stability. The viscosity of petroleum emulsion changes within wide ranges and depends on the viscosity of petroleum, temperature, and amounts of petroleum and water. 

Surface tension variations can also be produced by adding surfactants on the interface. These surface active materials (e.g., soap) typically consist of a hydrophilic head group and a hydrophobic tail. Therefore, the presence of surfactants in solution is energetically unfavorable and one gains in free energy if the molecules align along the free surface, which is the equilibrium situation. The creation of a layer of surfactant molecules on the interface then lowers the surface tension of the system. 

FIGURE 6.8 The work required to expand a soap bubble is directly related to the creation of additional bubble surface area. 

Trometamol and tri-ethanolamine stearate are amine soaps, formed from stearic acid and separately added tri-ethanolamine or trometamol (see Fig. 23.6). The use of amines is often avoided because of the association with nitrosamine creation [33, 34]. Primary amines are however... 

In a heterogeneous reaction system (as in emulsion polymerization), the kinetics change considerably. Basically, such a system uses a soap (i.e., sodium or potassium salts of sulfates or organic acids) that allows the creation of micelles (agglomerations of anions). These micelles serve as accumulations of monomer and ultimately as polymerization sites. It can be shown that... 

As with his "Atom" namesake, creation by committee proved hard on Captain Atom. Soon the DC hero became involved in soap opera... 

During the First World War Sir James Dewar, who is primarily known for his work in the field of low temperature physics and for the creation of the Dewar flask, was unable to continue his researches into low-temperature phenomena. So he investigated the draining and stability of soap films. His assistant and colleague during this period was Mr. A. S. C. Lawrence who summarized their joint work in his book. Soap Films, a study of molecular individuality fi... 

The amount of the soluble and insoluble phase in the soap bar is strongly dependent on the water content and the amount of shear/working the soap bar has been subjected to at temperatures above or below the Krafft point of the soap molecules. Increasing water content results in an increase in the amount of soluble soap and consequently a reduction in soap hardness. Processing at temperatures below the Krafft point favors the separation of soluble and insoluble soaps. The separation is achieved by dissolution of soluble soap in the liquid phase and by the creation of a metastable, soluble eta solid. Processing at temperatures in excess of the Krafft point favors recombination of soluble and insoluble soaps into a new, disordered metastable kappa phase solid upon cooling. 

The term f is used to describe a mixture of single synthetic chemicals, - essential oils, absolutes, - resinoids and other extraction products finm natural sources. Such mixtures are then incorporated in all kinds of cosmetic and household products, such as - soaps, - detergents, air fresheners, toiletries and shampoos, or they are diluted with alcohol and water to become ->perfumes. What raw materials are combined in which proportion depends on the base in which f are going to be useti the desired odor, persistence and the cost of the finished product. Originally entirely composed of natural raw materials, f. today are always mixtures of synthetic and natural raw materials. Apart from economic reasons, such as constant and generally lower prices, constant quality, almost imlimited supplies and more predictable stability, synthetic raw materials allow the creation of novel notes and provide, if they are captive/patented developments, a competitive advantage for a particular f - supplier. 

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