Smoking pathophysiology

Akrawi, W., Benumof, J.L. (1997). A pathophysiological basis for informed preoperative smoking cessation counseling. J. Cardiothorac. Vase. Anesth. 11 629-40. 

Figure 6 Oxidative stress in COPD. Oxidative stress plays a key role In the pathophysiology of COPD and amplifies the inflammatory and destructive process. ROS from cigarette smoke or from inflammatory cells (particularly macrophages and neutrophils) result in several damaging effects in COPD, which include decreased antiprotease defenses, such as al -antitrypsin (AD and secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), activation of NF-kB resulting in increased secretion of the cytokines CXCL8 and TNF-as, increased production of isoprostanes, and direct effects on airway function. In addition, recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress induces steroid resistance.

Nonpharmacologic interventions such as smoking cessation and walking exercise programs have the ability to positively impact several of the pathophysiologic abnormalities present in patients with peripheral arterial disease. 

The number of agents with a proposed pathophysiological role in airways diseases and that gate TRPAl is increasing fast. Among these, two constituents of cigarette smoke should be highlighted. Recent reports showed that the saturated... 

Ascorbic acid is an important essential nutrient for the health maintenance of the population. Nevertheless, its importance must not be overestimated. The status assessment of the vitamin in well-nourished populations showed only a small percentage of subjects with an insufficient plasma ascorbic acid concentration. It has been documented that risk factors for the development of an ascorbic acid deficiency exist (e.g., smoking, alcohol use, pregnancy, certain pathophysiological conditions). These deficiencies can, however, be overcome without any problems when the current recommendations on vitamin C intake are fulfilled by the intake of either... 

In most animal models, the course of experimentally induced vascular occlusive disease is independent of risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, or hypertension this is not the case in humans. Animal mperiments are only rough indications of human conditions, and the postulated protective mechanisms of ct>-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may differ substantially from those in humans. Therefore, results of animal studies are obviously not directly applicable to pathophysiologic or therapeutic concepts in human disease. 

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