Smoke boxes

Rauch-kalk, m. maguesian limestone, -hammer, /. smoke box combustion chamber, -kanal, m. (smoke) flue, -hasten, m. smoke box. -hem, m. smoke nucleus, -kerze, /. smoke candle, -korper, m. Mil.) smoke filler, smoke chsrge. -ladung,/. Mil.) smoke charge. 

When shells are loaded with certain high explosives which produce no smoke (such as amatol), smoke boxes are generally inserted in the charges in order that the artilleryman, by seeing the smoke, may be able to judge the position and success of his fire. These are cylindrical pasteboard boxes containing a mixture of arsenious oxide and red phosphorus, usually with a small amount of stearine or paraffin. 

In combination with arsenious oxide and paraffin for smoke boxes in shells containing high explosives which produce no smoke (See Amatol). Production of smoke when a shell explodes helps the artilleryman to direct his firing. 

ASTM D4100 (1982) [110] describes the Arapahoe Smoke Box, which exposes a small strip of material to a gas flame for a specified material. The smoke is drawn through a fine glass filter and is expressed as the percentage mass of soot to the mass of the material combusted. 

The U.S. Radiant Smoke Toxicity Apparatus [133] consists of the lest cabinet of the NBS Protocol [128], but the test specimen, 76 x 125 x 51 mm thick, is decomposed by a radiant heater fitted beneath the smoke box see Fig. 23. The maximum heat flux is 50 kW, mv This equipment was developed following criticism of the fire model of the NBS Protocol. 

As a main feature, the ISO smoke box is divided into two sections. The decomposition chamber and the measuring chamber are connected by an upper and a lower duct allowing the smoke to travel into the measuring chamber (Fig. 4.14). 

A scientific procedure that has rapidly gained in popularity in recent years is the cone calorimeter test (ISO 5660) that measures the heat flux and the rate of heat release. It also analyses the combustion gases and gives an indication of the amount and the toxic nature of the smoke evolved. The NBS smoke box is another way of measuring smoke emission. 

The attennation of the light beam of a vertically oriented measnring system is determined. A promising development is the ISO smoke box [56], developed by ISO TC92. One of the benefits of this method is the ability to also test composite materials. The smoke... 

However, the most important performance benefit of the tin additives over antimony trioxide relates to their exceUent smoke-suppressant properties. NBS Smoke Box tests have indicated that, whereas Sb203 increases smoke production for brominated polyester resin and flexible PVC formulations, the same incorporation level of ZHS (or ZS) gives significant reductions in smoke density (Figures 3 and 4). 

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