Smearing methods

A different approach to the discontinuous integrals that appear for metals are the smearing methods. The idea of these methods is to force the function... 

One widely used smearing method was developed by Methfessel and Paxton. Their method uses expressions for the smearing functions that are more complicated than the simple example above but are still characterized by a single parameter, ct (see Further Reading). 

The third numerical detail that is important in Fig. 8.1 arises from the fact that Ag is a metal and the observation that the DOS is obtained from integrals in k space. In Section 3.1.4 we described why performing integrals in k space for metals holds some special numerical challenges. The results in Fig. 8.1 were obtained by using the Methfessel and Paxton smearing method to improve the numerical precision of integration in k space. 

Milk/Blood 12 2.80 Smear method Byezkowski and Fisher 1994... 

Hattis et al. (1993) reviewed a number of experimental studies of humans exposed to tetrachloroethylene and calculated ratios of arm blood to alveolar air tetrachloroethylene concentrations following inhalation exposure. These ratios suggest that the blood/air partition coefficient should be 15-18. Among the human blood/air partition coefficients estimated by in vitro methods (Table 2-4), the in vivo values are closest to the human blood/air partition coefficient of 19.8 estimated by Byczkowski and Fisher (1994) using the smear method. 

Several studies have suggested that protein extraction-based methods afford higher taxonomic resolution than intact cell-based methods. For example, Schitl-thess et al. (2014) compared three sample preparation methods for identification of 190 Gram-positive rods including 64 species from 21 genera. Results showed that species-level identification rates were higher with a plate-based formic acid extraction and an ethanol-formic acid extraction than with an intact cell-based direct smear method. Rates of correct identification were 68.4% with plate-based formic acid extraction, 71.6% with ethanol-formic acid extraction, and 63.7% with a direct smear method. 

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