Smalley

Dai H, Hafner J H, Rinzier A G, Colbert D T and Smalley R E 1996 Nanotubes as nanoprobes in soanning probe miorosoopy Nature 384 147... 

Dietz T G, Duncan M A, Powers D E and Smalley R E 1981 Laser production of supersonic metal cluster beams J. Chem. Rhys. 74 6511-12... 

Alford J M, Williams P E, Trevor D E and Smalley R E 1986 Metal oluster ion oyolotron resonanoe oombining supersonio metal oluster beam teohnology with FT-ICR Int J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process. 72 33... 

Smalley R E 1985 Supersonic cluster beams an alternative approach to surface science Comparison of Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry with Experiment for Small Molecules ed R J Bartlett (Boston Reldel)... 

Concelcao J, Laaksonen R T, Wang L S, Guo T, Nordlander P and Smalley R E 1995 Photoelectron spectroscopy of transition metal clusters correlation of valence electronic structure to reactivity Rhys. Rev. B 51 4668... 

Alford J M, Weiss F D, Laaksonen R T and Smalley R E 1986 Dissociative chemisorption of H2 on niobium cluster ions. A supersonic cluster beam FT-ICR experiment J. Rhys. Chem. 90 4480... 

Cheshnovsky O, Yang S H, Pettiette C L, Craycraft M J and Smalley R E 1987 Magnetic time-of-flight photoeieotron spectrometer for mass-selected negative cluster ions Rev. Sci. Instnim. 58 2131... 

Cheshnovsky O, Taylor K J, Conceicao J and Smalley R E 1990 Ultraviolet photoeieotron spectra of mass-selected copper clusters evolution of the 3d band Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 1785... 

Lou L, Nordlander P and Smalley R E 1992 Eleotronio struoture of small GaAs olusters. II J. Chem. Phys. 97 1858... 

Flafner J FI, Bronikowski M J, Azamian B R, Nikolaev P, Rinzier A G, Colbert A T, Smith K A and Smalley R E 1998 Catalytic growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes from metal particles Chem. Phys. Lett. 296 195... 

Smalley R E 1992 Self-assembly of the fullerenes Accounts.Chem. Res. 25 98-105... 

Weaver J H, Chai Y, Kroll G H, Ohno T R, Haufler R E, Guo T, Alford J M, Conceicao J, Chibante L P F, Jain A, Palmer G and Smalley R E 1992 XPS probes of carbon caged metals Chem. Phys. Lett. 190 460... 

Tunable visible and ultraviolet lasers were available well before tunable infrared and far-infrared lasers. There are many complexes that contain monomers with visible and near-UV spectra. The earliest experiments to give detailed dynamical infonnation on complexes were in fact those of Smalley et al [22], who observed laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of He-l2 complexes. They excited the complex in the I2 B <—A band, and were able to produce excited-state complexes containing 5-state I2 in a wide range of vibrational states. From line w idths and dispersed fluorescence spectra, they were able to study the rates and pathways of dissociation. Such work was subsequently extended to many other systems, including the rare gas-Cl2 systems, and has given quite detailed infonnation on potential energy surfaces [231. 

Smalley R E, Levy D H and Wharton L 1976 The fluoresoenoe exoitation speotrum of the Hel2 Van der Waals oomplex J. Chem. Phys. 64 3266-76... 

Bockrath M, Cobden D H, McEuen P L, Chopra N G, Zettl A, Thess A and Smalley R E 1997 Single-electron transport in ropes of nanotubes Science 275 1922-5. 

When the experiment was carried out in the fall of 1985 Kroto Curl and Smalley found that un der certain conditions a species with a molecular for mula of Ceo was present in amounts much greater than any other On speculating about what Ceo might be they concluded that its most likely structure is... 

Fullerenes are described in detail in Chapter 2 and therefore only a brief outline of their structure is presented here to provide a comparison with the other forms of carbon. The C o molecule, Buckminsterfullerene, was discovered in the mass spectrum of laser-ablated graphite in 1985 [37] and crystals of C o were fust isolated from soot formed from graphite arc electrodes in 1990 [38]. Although these events are relatively recent, the C o molecule has become one of the most widely-recognised molecular structures in science and in 1996 the codiscoverers Curl, Kroto and Smalley were awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry. Part of the appeal of this molecule lies in its beautiful icosahedral symmetry - a truncated icosahedron, or a molecular soccer ball, Fig. 4A. 

Regarding a historical perspective on carbon nanotubes, very small diameter (less than 10 nm) carbon filaments were observed in the 1970 s through synthesis of vapor grown carbon fibers prepared by the decomposition of benzene at 1100°C in the presence of Fe catalyst particles of 10 nm diameter [11, 12]. However, no detailed systematic studies of such very thin filaments were reported in these early years, and it was not until lijima s observation of carbon nanotubes by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) that the carbon nanotube field was seriously launched. A direct stimulus to the systematic study of carbon filaments of very small diameters came from the discovery of fullerenes by Kroto, Smalley, and coworkers [1], The realization that the terminations of the carbon nanotubes were fullerene-like caps or hemispheres explained why the smallest diameter carbon nanotube observed would be the same as the diameter of the Ceo molecule, though theoretical predictions suggest that nanotubes arc more stable than fullerenes of the same radius [13]. The lijima observation heralded the entry of many scientists into the field of carbon nanotubes, stimulated especially by the un-... 

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