X-ray scattering, small-angle pattern

Fig. 16. Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering patterns from polyethylene sheet recorded during stretch (12 mm/min, 32% stretch/min) in the horizontal direction. An exposure time for each pattern was 1 s. Intervals between exposures were 70 s. An X-ray wavelength was 0.155 nm...

Fig. 18. Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering patterns from polypropylene sheet under quick stretch in the horizontal direction. A speed of stretch was 233 mm/min (367 % stietch/min). An exposure time for each pattern was 0.1 s. Intervals between exposures were 0.2 s. An X-ray wavelength was 0.155 nm. A slight deformation of the symmetric SAXS pattern was already observed in the second patterns, suggesting some degree of orientation was brought about in quite an early stage. The SAXS patterns changed abruptly and drastically in the sixth pattern just when the sample began to yield (when the tension began to decrease).

Fig. 4.11 Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns from a face-centred cubic phase formed by a PEO127PPO48PEO127 (F108) Pluronic solution (35 wt% in water) at 30 °C during oscillatory shear at 10rad s 1 with a strain amplitude of 40% (Diat et al. 1996). The patterns correspond to (a) the (q qt) plane and (b) the (<7v,4V) plane. In (c) the pattern was recorded in the (qv,qt) plane but with the beam incident close to the outer rotor. It corresponds to one of the FCC twins giving the diffraction pattern in Fig. 4.12(b).

Fig. 4.17 Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns for 38wt% aqueous solutions of PE04oPB010 (a) BCC phase observed between 5 and 50°C (b) FCC structure between 50 and 75 °C (c) hexagonally-packed cylinder phase above 75 °C (Pople et al. 1997).

It is natural to ask whether the least-squares fits of (8) to the scattering curves for these 15 coals are merely exercises in curve fitting or whether the fact that quite good fits can be obtained, in many cases over the whole scattering curve at which data were recorded, means that the pore structure used in developing (8) really has some connection with the pore structure in the coals. This point is especially important because in principle, more than one sample can produce the same small-angle x-ray scattering pattern. 

Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns exhibit a weak single diffraction peak at ( =0.68 and 0.66nm" for SBAla and SBAlb respectively, characteristic of the wormlike stracture (Fig. 1) with a regular pore-pore distance [15], The corresponding d value was calculated to be 9.2 and 9.5 mn respectively. 

Fig. 45. Small-angle x-ray scattering pattern of oriented polyethylene (LDPE Ltipolen 1840 D) during four temperature cycles as recorded by a linear position sensitive detector. The detector was oriented parallel to the meridian of the small angle pattern...

Figure 17. Small-angle X-ray scattering pattern of rod-coil molecule 13c. (Reprinted with permission from ref 67. Copyright 2000 American Chemical Society).

Figure 3. Small-angle x-ray scattering patterns of polytrioxane. (A) Sample PTOX-80 by radiation initiation (B) Sample PTOX-20-1P by plasma initiation and (C) Sample PTOX-40P by plasma initiation.

Figure 1.14 shows the small-angle X-ray scattering pattern from the same poly e-caprolactone hbres studied in Figure 1.13 taken using beam-line 16.1... 

Fig, 7. Typical temperature (a) and pressure (b) dependent (at T= 55 °C) small-angle X-ray scattering patterns of DPPC bilayers in excess water. Only one or two orders of lamellar Bragg reflections are visible. 

Fig. 17. Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns of PET previously crystallized at 120 °C at different times t, during annealing at 250 °C...

Fig. 32. (a) Two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering pattern of an SBS block copolymer with 33% aliphatic oil content and stretched to a draw ratio X = 4. (b) Long period L in SBS Meek copolymers as a function of the draw ratio X (pure SBS and SBS with different oil contents), (c) height of the polystyrene cylinders h in SBS block copolymers as a function of the draw ratio X (pure SBS and SBS with different oil contents), (d) diameter of the polystyrene cylinders 2r in SBS block copolymers as a function of the draw ratio X (pure SBS and SBS with different oil contents)... 

Fig. 8. Small angle X-ray scattering pattern of a sample aligned in a 1 T magnetic field. B is the field direction, which is set at an arbitrary angle of =40° to the main capillary axis. The white rectangle at the center of the figure is due to the beam stop...

Figure 6. Wide angle x-ray diffraction patterns (top) and small angle x-ray scattering patterns (bottom) of EO-ls-EO 2 film...

Figure 5.12 Time dependence of small-angle X-ray scattering patterns measured for (a) LLDPE(2) and (b) DHDPE in the isothermal crystallization process from the melt. It should be noticed that the intensity exchange (at (b)) can be observed between the firstly appeared peak and the secondly appeared peak in the crystallization process.

Figure 11.1. (a) Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns and (b) nitrogen adsorption isotherms for SBA-16 silica with body-centered cubic structure (Im3m) calcined at different temperatures. The structures in the middle illustrate the pore structure symmetry and the pore connectivity. The figure is adapted from our earher pubheation. ... 

Figure 2.15 (a) Cross-sectional SEM image of electrodeposited Co nanowires in a porous PS template (small angle X-ray scattering pattern inset], (b] Optical micrograph of a four-probe patterned Au substrate after Co elecrodeposition (schematic cross-section inset]. Reprinted with permission from Ref, [80], Copyright 2002, American Institute of Physics,... 

Figure 81 (a) Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering pattern and an SEM Image obtained for PS-i-PLA bottlebrush block copolymers, (b) Optical image of fractured pieces of bottlebrush block copolymers after annealing. Reprinted from Rzayev, J. Macromolecules 2009, 42(6), 2135-2141, with permission from ACS. ... 

Fig. 2.3a-d. Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns of the tetroxocane and poly(tetroxocane) system a, just after the polymerization b, sublim at 80 °C for 3 h under the reduced pressure c, sublimed for 3 h, and d, sublimed for 24 h (polymer alone)... 

Fig. 4.13a- . Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns of the melt-OTstallized poly(oxymethylene), the acetylated poly(trioxane) a original (melt-crystallized) and annealed, b at 156 °C fw 30 min c 165 °C, 20min d 168 °C, 20min e sample d annealed at 172 °C for 10min. Intensities are not comparable...

Fig. 4. Room temperature small-angle X-ray scattering patterns of a poly(L-lactide/D-lactide) random copolymer containing 1.5% D-lactide crystallized at the T s shown in the figure. The scattered intensities have been Lorentz-corrected (by q ). From Ref 22.

Fig. 3 Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns obtained from films of PBLG (a) monodisperse sample, DP 76 (b) monodisperse sample, DP 94 and (c) polydisperse sample...

Figure 16.12. Small-angle X-ray scattering pattern from a hexagonal phase, with four diffuse peaks (wide-angle diffuse band not shown)...

The observed progression on water dilution of the Types 1 or 2 bicontinuous mesophases is G-D-P, in accord with the plot in Figure 16.19. Sample small-angle X-ray scattering patterns for the D and P structures are shown in Figure 16.20. 

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