Size of the effect

The size of [the] effect, and more importantly, the clinical value... 

It is expected that due to the short residence time of Be and Cl in the atmosphere, 10Be and 36C1 measurements on ice cores will directly reveal isotope production variations. Due to dilution in the C02 exchanging system the atmospheric 14C/C-ratio shows a dampened response to 14C production rate variations. In contrast to the noble gas radioisotopes the size of the effective dilution reservoir - atmosphere plus parts of the ocean and biosphere - depends on the characteristic... 

Critically appraise that evidence for its validity (closeness to the truth), impact (size of the effect), and applicability (usefulness)... 

This is obviously an important determinant of the precision of the findings. The calculation of the appropriate number depends on (1) the critical difference, that is, the size of the effect it is desired to detect (2) the false positive rate, that is, the... 

Polarization-transfer experiments which are based on a resonance condition, i.e. where a variable quantity in the experiment is matched to a parameter of the investigated spin system, can be carried out as a transient experiment or as an adiabatic experiment Figure 11.5 illustrates the differences between these two types of experiments. In a transient or sudden" experiment, the density operator is prepared in a state orthogonal to the effective polarization-transfer Hamiltonian (Fig. 11.5a). When the polarization-transfer Hamiltonian is switched on, the density operator starts precessing around the effective Hamiltonian, and usually maximum polarization transfer is reached after a 180° rotation. Since often the size of the effective Hamiltonian at the matching condition depends on... 

In the adiabatic experiment, the density operator is prepared such that it is initially oriented along the starting effective Hamiltonian prepared to be far away from the resonance condition (Fig. 11.5 b). The direction of the effective Hamiltonian is then slowly changed (e.g. by a change in rf amplitude or frequency) to pass through the resonance condition to the final position, again far away from the resonance condition. If the change of the effective Hamiltonian is carried out adiabatically, the density operator will follow the trajectory of the Hamiltonian, and a (complete) polarization transfer can occur. The variation in the size of the effective Hamiltonian at the resonance condition only influences the condition for adiabaticity. Therefore, it is in principle possible to obtain si-... 

Metabolic clearance of caffeine is altered according to menstrual phase and hormonal status in women (Lane et al. 1992). Clearance is slower during the late luteal phase compared to the follicular phase, prior to the onset of menstruation. However, the size of the effect and significance in everyday activity remains in question. 

At least for the chloride, a switch analogous to that postulated for the Cd2+ halide systems is clearly indicated, viz. from the octahedral arrangement presumed to exist in the hydrated indium (III) ion (75) to a tetrahedral halide complex. For the fluoride this interpretation might be too bold, considering the small size of the effect. 

Drugs used for treating arrhythmia can have an effect on the electrical conduction system of the heart, its excitability, automatism, the size of the effective refractory period, and adrenergic and cholinergic heart innervation. Accordingly, compounds of various chemical classes can restore heart rate disturbances. 

Two studies have compared milnacipran, in the recommended dose of 50 mg twice daily, with SSRIs in patients with severe depression, reviewed recently by Lopez-Ibor and colleagues [1996]. Both studies reported a significant advantage for milnacipran, measured on the MADRS, compared with fluoxetine given in a dose of 20 mg/day or fluvoxamine given in a dose of 100 mg twice a day. The size of the effect was substantial in the combined studies, the advantage for milnacipran compared with that for the SSRIs was more than 4 points. 

Summary of the spontaneous magnetostriction in non-cubic systems showing pronounced anisotropic effects, ordered with respect to the size of the effects. The presented... 

Within the framework of the theory underlying Eq. (Ill-17) any changes in q0 with the nature of the diluent should be connected with a change in the size of the effective monomer unit. A dependence on the concentration of the diluent might be connected with the unknown effect of the crosslinks. 

In Section II we begin by surveying the factors that lead to activation and direction. In Section III these concepts are then applied to the various systems in which silicon exerts a stabilizing or destabilizing effect. Where possible we have tried to give quantitative information on the size of the effect. In the final sections we survey reactions which exemplify the activating and directing effects of silicon. 

Confidence intervals are extremely informative in clinical research since they do focus on the estimated treatment effect and therefore facilitate consideration of its clinical significance. As Fletcher and Fletcher (2005) noted succinctly and powerfully, confidence intervals put the emphasis where it belongs, on the size of the effect. The width of a confidence interval around an experimentally determined treatment effect, and hence the range of plausible values for the population treatment effect, provides very important information about the clinical significance of the treatment. 

In addition, the size of the effect at the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) might vary considerably from test to test. 

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