Single electron-transfer living radical polymerization

In addition, Percec and coworkers [253] reported that polymerizations in polar solvents in conjtmction with copper and appropriate ligands allow ultrafast syntheses of high-molecular-weight polymers at ambient temperature. The process is referred to as Single Electron Transfer-Living Radical Polymerization (SET-LRP). The mechanism proposed is based on disproportionation of cuprous ions to cupric ions and metallic copper. This is catalyzed by the polar solvents and the appropriate ligands. The proposed mechanism can be illustrated as follows ... 

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Single-Electron Transfer-Living Radical Polymerization (SET-LRP)... 

Wright, P.M., Mantovani, G., Haddleton, D.M. 2008. Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate Mediated by Copper(O)/Me -TREN in Hydrophobic Media Enhanced by Phenols Single Electron Transfer-Living Radical Polymerization. I. Polvm. Sci. A Polvm. Chem. 46 7376-7385. 

Wang, W., Zhang, Z., Zhu, J., Zhou, N., Zhu, X. 2009. Single Electron Transfer-Living Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Fluoroalcohol Dual Control Over Molecular Weight and Tacticity. f. Polvm. Sci. A Polvm. Chem. 47 6316-6327. 

BCinetics of Cu(0)-Wire-Catalyzed Single-Electron Transfer Living Radical Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate in DMSO at 25°C. 42 2379-2386. 

Zoppe, J., Habibi, Y., Rojas, O.J., Venditti, R.A., Johansson, L.-S., Efimenko, K., Osterberg, M., Laine, J. 2010. Poly(N-lsopropylacrylamide) Brushes Grafted from Cellulose Nanocrystals via Surface-Initiated Single-Electron Transfer Living Radical Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 11 2683-2691. 

One major advantage of RAFT polymerization over many other RDRP techniques, such as ATRP, single electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP), and NMP, is its tolerance of functionality which is such that a wide range of groups can be introduced as substituents on R or Z groups. This functionality includes for use in click ... 

Single Electron Transfer - Degenerative Transfer Living Radical Polymerization with lodo-Compounds 165... 

Ruthenium catalysts found many applications in C-C bond formation reactions (selected reviews [157-161]). Ruthenium occurs mostly in oxidation states +2 and +3, but lower as well as higher oxidation states can easily be reached. Thus ruthenium compounds are frequently used in oxidative transformations proceeding by either single or two electron transfer pathways (selected reviews [162-164]). It has long been known that ruthenium complexes can be used for the photoactivation of organic molecules (selected reviews [165, 166]). Ruthenium complexes are applied as catalysts in controlled or living radical polymerizations [167-169]. 

Only a few of the radical cations formed in this way dimerize, however, to the corresponding dications. Consequently, in contrast to anionic polymerizations, electron transfers are poor methods of synthesis for living cationic polymerizations to triblock polymers. However, dications can be produced in a single-stage process from trifluoromethane sulfonic anhydride with, for example, tetrahydrofuran ... 

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