Silver chloride vanadate

As examples of some water-soluble salts, mention may be made of potassium chloride, copper sulfate, and sodium vanadate. As examples of some water-insoluble salts, mention may be made of some typical ones such as lead chloride, silver chloride, lead sulfate, and calcium sulfate. The solubilities of most salts increases with increasing temperature. Some salts possess solubilities that vary very little with temperature or even decline. An interesting example is provided by ferrous sulfate, the water solubility of which increases as temperature is raised from room temperature, remains fairly constant between 57 and 67 °C, and decreases at higher temperatures to below 12 g l-1 at 120 °C. Table 5.2 presents the different types of dissolution reactions in aqueous solutions, and Table 5.3 in an indicative way presents the wide and varied types of raw materials that different leaching systems treat. It will be relevant to have a look at Table 5.4 which captures some of the essential and desirable features for a successful leaching system. 

Salts of Vanadic Acid. Pour 3-4 ml of a sodium vanadate solution into each of two test tubes. Add to one of them a silver nitrate solution, and to the other a saturated ammonium chloride solution. Write the equations of the reactions. 

The gravimetric estimation of vanadium in alkaline vanadate solutions has also been effected by precipitating as ammonium metavanadate in the presence of ammonium chloride.6 Precipitation is incomplete, however, unless the solution is quite saturated with ammonium chloride 7 the addition of alcohol is recommended.8 Other gravimetric processes which have been investigated include the precipitation of barium pyrovanadate,9 precipitation of silver metavanadate,10 precipitation of manganese pyrovanadate,11 and the use of cupferron.12... 

Cr(II) may be used to carry out all the reactions of Ti(III), but usually under milder conditions. Applications of Cr(II) as a reductant have been reviewed. The applications include Sn(IV) chloride in the presence of catalysts such as Sb(V) or Bi(III), Sb(V) in 20% HCl at elevated temperatures, Cu(II), silver, gold, mercury, bismuth, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, dichromate, vanadate, titanium, thallium, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen in water and gases, as well as organic compounds such as azo, nitro, and nitroso compounds and quinones. Excess Cr(II) in sulfuric acid solution reduces nitrate to ammonium ion. The reduction is catalyzed by Ti(IV), which is rapidly reduced to Ti(III). 

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