Silver chloride physical development

Emulsions prepared with gelatin that had been treated to minimize sensitizing impurities have relatively low sensitivities for exposures made in air, particularly at low irradiances. They show pronounced low intensity reciprocity failure (LIRF). The pure silver bromide emulsions do not show high intensity reciprocity failure (HIRF) for direct development (65,66), but may do so for physical development (66). Faelens obtained HIRF in silver chloride emulsions for both physical development and the same developer he used for direct development of his silver bromide emulsion (67). Silver chloride emulsions, however, are more prone to unintentional chemical sensitization than silver bromide, and it is uncertain to what extent some chemical sen-... 

This equation is illustrated in Fig. 2.11. The figure shows that as the ionic strength is increased the solubility of MX is promoted. It is helpful to ask the physical reason for this and to focus on the specific case of silver chloride. When AgCl is dissolved into a solution to which KNO3 is progressively added, the Ag" and Cl ions will develop ionic atmospheres around themselves which will serve to stabilise the ions. Considering the equilibrium... 

The potential of interest in pH measurement is the difference between the potential developed at the outer and inner glass surfaces of the measurement electrode as defined by Equation 4-1 g. All other potential represents an error. Figure 4-la shows the physical location of the potential (Ei - E2) and many extraneous potentials for a combination double junction electrode, which has a reference electrode as a concentric ring around the glass measurement electrode. The combination electrode is popular because it reduces the installation and spare parts requirements. The internal salt bridge between the outer and inner junction of the double junction increases the time it takes for process ions to migrate to the inner chamber where the internal si lver silver chloride electrode is located. 

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