Signal translators

Kelley MR, Georgiadis MM, Fishel ML (2012) APEl/Ref-1 role in redox signaling translational applications of targeting the redox function of the DNA repair/redox protein APEl/Ref-1. Curr Mol Pharmacol 5(l) 36-53... 

The processes prior to signal translation and detection - namely sample preparation and signal amphfication - are comparable with commonly used techniques. A PCR-grade DNA must be extracted from the sample (blood or tissue material). SNP loci are amplified from the sample DNAs with specific PCR primer pairs, and a crude purification of PCR products is necessary. 

S Additional information <7> (<7> model of specific interactions and signal translation within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and between pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and subunits, differences between the isozymes, mechanisms [30]) [30]... 

AUG signals translation initiation as well as coding for Met residues. 

Beyer, S., Simmel, F. C. (2006). A modular DNA signal translator for the controlled release of a protein by an aptamer. Nucleic Acids Res 34, 1581-1587. 

The mode of action of cytokinin in the control of cell proliferation in cotyledonary callus of soybean remains unknown. Bevan and Northcote [47] showed that the stimulation by kinetin of the increase in numbers of polyribosomes on transfer of these cells to fresh medium was yet another gratuitous effect of cytokinin, not necessary for cell division. They also showed that treatment with cytokinin, as compared with water, led to no detectable change in the relative levels of any mRNAs, and had no detectable effect on bulk protein synthesis or on the synthesis of any particular polypeptides. These results have always pointed to the cytoplasm, rather than the nucleus, as the site of the cytokinin signal-translating machinery. It seems that on cytokinin-starvation, cells can arrest at a number of positions in the mitotic cycle. This suggests that there are a number of different processes in the cell cycle requiring the presence of cytokinin [48]. This may be the reason for the unusual stability of cytokinin-dependence, a feature characteristic of the differentiated state which these cells would otherwise be expected to lose. If there are a large number of cytokinin-surmountable hurdles in the process of cell proliferation for cultured soybean cells, the mode of action , when we find it, is unlikely to be simple. 

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