Signal , generally transduction

The problem of measuring infrared radiation by thermal means is compounded by thermal noise from the surroundings, bor this reason, thermal deleetors are housed in a vacuum and are carefully shielded from thermal radiation emitted by other nearby objects. To further minimize the effects of extraneous heat sources, the beam from the source is generally chopped. In this way. the analyte signal, after transduction, has the frequency of the chopper and can be separated electronically from extraneous noise, which usually varies slowly wilh time,... 

In this chapter we describe some examples of structures of membrane-bound proteins known to high resolution, and outline how the elucidation of these structures has contributed to understanding the specific function of these proteins, as well as some general principles for the construction of membrane-bound proteins. In Chapter 13 we describe some examples of the domain organization of receptor families and their associated proteins involved in signal transduction through the membrane. 

The best approach for dealing with signal transduction pathways (as always, in my opinion) is to learn the various kinds of general pathways that exist and then try to fit new pathways onto these types. There are a few general principles of signal transduction pathways that can be used to organize your approach. 

These generalities are for metabolism only. They may not always apply to phosphorylation that is involved in other signal transduction pathways. 

SH2 domains generally consist of approximately 100 amino acid residues [49,50, 60,61 ] and have been first identified as a conserved sequence region between the oncoproteins Src and Fps [19, 48]. By means of sequence homology, SH2 domains have been uncovered in numerous other intracellular signal transduction proteins (Figs. 1 and 4) [20]. 

Although there are several classes of phospholipases, the phospholipase C (PLC) family is the one that has recently received intense scrutiny in the general context of signal transduction. The present account therefore details recent structural and mechanistic studies of one member of this important super family of enzymes, the phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase C from B. cereus (PLCB(.). 

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