Short deficiency

Diarrhea is a common problem that is usually self-limiting and of short duration. Increased accumulations of small intestinal and colonic contents are known to be responsible for producing diarrhea. The former may be caused by increased intestinal secretion which may be enterotoxin-induced, eg, cholera and E. col] or hormone and dmg-induced, eg, caffeine, prostaglandins, and laxatives decreased intestinal absorption because of decreased mucosal surface area, mucosal disease, eg, tropical spme, or osmotic deficiency, eg, disaccharidase or lactase deficiency and rapid transit of contents. An increased accumulation of colonic content may be linked to increased colonic secretion owing to hydroxy fatty acid or bile acids, and exudation, eg, inflammatory bowel disease or amebiasis decreased colonic absorption caused by decreased surface area, mucosal disease, and osmotic factors and rapid transit, eg, irritable bowel syndrome. 

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) in semm is an estabUshed marker of cobalamine deficiency. MMA and other short-chain dicarboxyhc acids react with... 

In this phase of the toller selection process, we assume the long list became a short list and now one or more candidate tollers from the short list will be given an opportunity to prepare a commercial bid. This by no means indicates the short listed tollers are perfect. There may be deficiencies that need to be corrected in concert with the client. With proper effort, one will be successful and be engaged for the toll. Sometimes it is appropriate to decide on a backup toller, as complications can develop that prevent the primary candidate from executing the project as originally planned, due to an incident in their plant, departure of key personnel, or unexpected production demands on the toller. 

Although both estrone and estradiol are available for replacement therapy, they suffer the disadvantage of poor activity on oral administration and short duration of action even when administered parenterally, because of ready metabolic disposition. In order to overcome these deficiencies, there was developed a series of esters of estradiol with long-chain fatty acids. These esters are oil-soluble and correspondingly water-insoluble compounds. 

When quality is not according to specification, the customary action is to do it over according to plan. However, this needs to be more closely examined in some instances. For example, if the work or material exceeds specifications, you may choose to accept it. If it falls short, you need to consider how much it deviates from specifications and whether the deficiency will cause the project to fail its performance evaluation. The final decision may be to have the work redone, but that is not an automatic outcome. 

The first data on genetically modified mice were reported very recently. Animals deficient in GPR4, OGR1, and TDAG8 are viable and fertile, and show no major defects. A short summary of available information is given in the following (see also Table 1). 

Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency has been recorded in only a few patients and these show wide variation in clinical presentation. The defect has been seen in infants with a syndrome of psychomotor retardation and failure to thrive. These infants showed abnormal organic aciduria, and drastically decreased SCAD activity was demonstrable in cultured fibroblasts. Muscle symptoms were only part of a wider syndrome in all infants and children so far reported to have SCAD deficiency, but were the sole presenting feature in two adult patients, in whom lipid storage was demonstrable in skeletal muscle. The gene encoding for human SCAD has been mapped to chromosome 12. 

Inherited defects in the enzymes of (3-oxidation and ketogenesis also lead to nonketotic hypoglycemia, coma, and fatty hver. Defects are known in long- and short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (deficiency of the long-chain enzyme may be a cause of acute fetty liver of pr nancy). 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and HMG-CoA lyase deficiency also affect the degradation of leucine, a ketogenic amino acid (Chapter 30). 

Lung surfactant is composed mainly of lipid with some proteins and carbohydrate and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. Surfactant activity is largely attributed to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, which is synthesized shortly before parturition in full-term infants. Deficiency of lung surfactant in the lungs of many preterm newborns gives rise to respiratory distress syndrome. Administration of either natural or artificial surfactant has been of therapeutic benefit. 

Changes in membrane structure (eg caused by ischemia) can affect water balance and ion flux and therefore every process within the cell. Specific deficiencies or alterations of certain membrane components lead to a variety of diseases (see Table 41-5). In short, normal cellular function depends on normal membranes. 

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