Shorea spp

The DEF was primarily dominated by Hopea ferrea and Shorea spp. that formed the upper story 20-40 m above ground. A typical DEF fosters more than 1,000 trees (trunk diameter at breast height, DBH >5 cm) ha-1, and the total basal area at 1.3 m height exceeded 30 m2 ha-1 and the above ground biomass was over 200 tons ha-1 (Kanzaki et al. 1995). 

Asiatic acid Shorea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae), Centella CDPK (40), PKA (22),... 

The four main components of wood resin from most species are the resin acids, free fatty acids, combined fatty acids (esters), and unsaponifiable sterols, alcohols, terpenes, and waxes. (The resins from tropical hardwoods (e.g., Shorea spp.) can be mainly terpenoid and steroid compounds (e.g., 88, 89, 156, 157, 184, 187) and the cause of color reversion and resin spots (156, 157) (see Sect. 9.3.7.2).) As mentioned, the composition of canal and parenchyma resins differ, and in living Picea and Pinus spp. woods, levopimaric acid predominates in the canal resin over abietic, neoabietic, and palustric acids. The resin acids are the most brittle or hardest, whereas the others range between the fluid and solid state. Consequently, variations in composition will affect the plasticity or stickiness of the resultant pitch (30). Deposits at different points in a paper mill processing ther-... 

The DDF was more open in comparison with the DEF and had uniformly spaced trees. The upper story, 11-35 m above ground, was formed by canopies of Shorea obtusa, Pentamo suavis, Dipterocarpus intricatus, Gardenia spp. and others. In the DDF, 875 trees (DBH>5 cm) ha-1 were enumerated, and the total basal area at 1.3 m height was 15 m2ha-1 and the above ground biomass was 73 tons ha-1 (Sahunalu and Dhanmanonda... 

Constit. of Astilbe, Rodgersia, Peltoboyki-nia and Bergenia spp. Also Corylopsis, Mallotus, Caesalpinia, Shorea, Ardisia, Cuscuta, Connarus and others. Antitussive agent. Prisms + IH2O (H2O). 

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