Ships, marine survey

Poor knowledge of the ship s systems. This is a frequent contributing factor to marine casualties because of difficulties faced by pilots and crews working on ships of various sizes, with different types of equipment, and carrying different cargoes. A study of a mariner survey reported that 78% of the mariners surveyed cited the lack of ship-specific knowledge to be a major problem [32]. 

Regarding selection of paint on steel in different atmospheric environments, some proposals are given in Table 10.18. More extensive guides for selection of paint systems are given in References [10.37, 10.48]. Particularly for ships and marine structures. Chandler [10.27] has presented a clear survey comprising structure parts above water as well as submerged and in the splash zone. 

Many of the requirements having to do with marine standards are managed by classification societies. These are nongovernmental organizations that set technical rules, confirm that designs and calculations meet these rules, survey ships and structures during the process of construction and commissioning, and periodically survey vessels once they are in service. Their scope covers offshore structures. 

Marine environmental measurements are a particular field where considerable efforts have been put into developing low activity measurements to such an extent that the gamma spectrometers are retreating underground, where cosmic ray backgrounds are much lower (Section 13.4.7). One particular reason for such a desire for ultimate MDA is that other techniques, such as ICPMS and AMS, are able to use smaller samples to achieve their ends, and radiometric techniques are beginning to be asked to make do with similar sized samples. Smaller samples facilitate collection, storage and preparation of samples and minimize expensive time on station for the survey ship. 

Hazardous chemicals are shipped by truck, rad, marine vessel, pipeline, and sometimes air (in much more limited quantities). These shipments often travel near or through urban areas. If a terrorist event were to cause a release to occur, its location will play a large role in any consequences as well as the potential for a cascading event. Although the amount of hazardous chemical involved may be significantly less than at a fixed facility, an explosion or release could lead to significant casualties if it occurs near a population center. According to the 2004 U.S. Fire Administration survey, fewer than 16 percent of fire departments in this country have hazmat units... 

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