Shellfish poisons occurrence

Van Egmond, H.P et ah. Paralytic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisons occurrence in Europe, toxicity, analysis and regulation, J. Nat. Toxins, 2, 41, 1993. 

Tsai, Y.H., et al., Occurrence of tetrodotoxin and paral5dic shellfish poison in the... 

Kodama, M. Sato, S. Sakamoto, S. Ogata, T. (1996) Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in Alexandrium tamarense, a causative dinoflagellate of paralytic shellfish poisoning. Toxicon, 34, 1101-5. 

Yasumoto T, Oshima Y, and Yamaguchi M. 1978. Occurrence of a New Type of Shellfish Poisoning in the Tokohu District. 

Gago-Martinez, A., Rodriguez-Vazquez, J.A., andThibault, P, and Quilliam, M.A, 1996. Simultaneous occurrence of diarrhetic and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in Spanish mussels in 1993. Nat Toxins, 4(2), 72-79. 

Tangen, K., Shellfish poisoning and the occurrence of potentially toxic dinoflagellates in Norwegian waters, Sarsia, 68, 1, 1983. 

Koyama, K., Noguchi, T., Ueda, Y., and Hashimoto, K. 1981. Occurrence of neosaxitoxins and other paralytic shellfish poisons in toxic crabs belonging to the family Xanthidae. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 47, 965. 

Sato, S., Ogata, T, Boija, V., Gonzales, C., Fukuyo, Y., and Kodama, M. 2000. Frequent occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins as dominant toxins in marine puffer from tropical water. Toxicon 38, 1101-1109. 

Zaman L, Arakawa O, Shimosu A, Onoue Y (1997) Occurrence of paralytic shellfish poison in Bangladeshi freshwater puffers. Toxicon 35 423-431... 

Jen HC, Lin SJ, Lin SY, Huang YW, Liao 1C, Arakawa O, et al. Occurrence of tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poisons in a gastropod implicated in food poisoning in southern Taiwan. Food Addit Contam 2007 24 902-9. 

Structure, nomenclature and occurrence The group of marine toxins known as azaspiracids (AZA) was only recently discovered to be the cause of shellfish poisoning in humans. Their source is the algae of the genus Protoperidinium. Azaspiracids are a group of polyethers (such as okadaic acid), but they contain a nitrogen heterocyclic amine piperidine (10-246). About 20 different derivatives have... 

The occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisons was once considered to be a problem confined mostly to northern temperate waters. It is now found widespread in both northern and southern hemispheres including subtropical to tropical waters (7P). 

Koyama, K., T. Noguchi, Y. Ueda, and K. Hashimoto Occurrence of Neosaxitoxin and Other Paralytic Shellfish Poisons in Toxic Crabs Belonging to the Family Xanthidal. Suisan Gakkaishi 47, 965 (1981). 

Ito, K., Asakawa, M., Sida, Y, and Miyazawa, K. (2003) Occurrence of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) in the starfish Asterina pectinifera collected from the Kure Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Toxicon, 41, 291-295. 

As long as medical records have been kept, poisoning of humans from eating clams and mussels has been recorded. The sporadic and unexplainable occurrence of poisonous shellfish was indeed a very puzzling phenomenon. When mussels became poisonous they usually remained so for a few weeks and for no apparent reason soon became... 

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