Shell biocompatible

Gaudin F, Sintes-Zydowicz N. Core-shell biocompatible polyurethane nanocapsules obtained by interfacial step polymerisation in miniemulsion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 2008 33 133 2. 

Many kinds of nonbiodegradable vinyl-type hydrophilic polymers were also used in combination with aliphatic polyesters to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers. Two typical examples of the vinyl-polymers used are poly(/V-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) [149-152] and poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) [153]. PNIPAAm is well known as a temperature-responsive polymer and has been used in biomedicine to provide smart materials. Temperature-responsive nanoparticles or polymer micelles could be prepared using PNIPAAm-6-PLA block copolymers [149-152]. PMPC is also a well-known biocompatible polymer that suppresses protein adsorption and platelet adhesion, and has been used as the hydrophilic outer shell of polymer micelles consisting of a block copolymer of PMPC -co-PLA [153]. Many other vinyl-type polymers used for PLA-based amphiphilic block copolymers were also introduced in a recent review [16]. 

See also Luminescent dendrimers antibacterial, 26 799 biocompatibility studies of, 26 800-801 in catalysis, 26 805-806 in cell targeting, 26 797-798 as chelators, 26 806-807 core and interior shells of, 26 789 cytotoxicity of, 26 800-801 in drug delivery, 26 792-795 in gene transfection, 26 791-792 as imaging agents, 26 795-797 luminescent, 26 801-804 medical applications of, 26 791-801 micelle-mimetic behavior of, 26 789 multiphoton applications of, 26 803-804... 

The materials used for the construction of the microbubble shell have to be fully biocompatible. They are either natural products (human albumin in the denatured albumin shell of Albunex and Optison), synthetic versions of natural... 

Becker ML, Bailey LO, Wooley KL. Peptide-derivatized shell-cross-linked nanoparticles. 2. Biocompatibility evaluation. Bioconjug Chem 2004 15 710-717. 

As with normal hydrocarbon-based surfactants, polymeric micelles have a core-shell structure in aqueous systems (Jones and Leroux, 1999). The shell is responsible for micelle stabilization and interactions with plasma proteins and cell membranes. It usually consists of chains of hydrophilic nonbiodegradable, biocompatible polymers such as PEO. The biodistribution of the carrier is mainly dictated by the nature of the hydrophilic shell (Yokoyama, 1998). PEO forms a dense brush around the micelle core preventing interaction between the micelle and proteins, for example, opsonins, which promote rapid circulatory clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) (Papisov, 1995). Other polymers such as pdty(sopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) (Cammas etal., 1997 Chung etal., 1999) and poly(alkylacrylicacid) (Chen etal., 1995 Kwon and Kataoka, 1995 Kohorietal., 1998) can impart additional temperature or pH-sensitivity to the micelles, and may eventually be used to confer bioadhesive properties (Inoue et al., 1998). 

Shenoy DB, Antipov AA, Sukhorukov GB et al (2003) Layer-by-layer engineering of biocompatible, decomposable core-shell. Biomacromolecules 4 265-272... 

NIR-absorbing metal nanostructures are appealing for biomedical imaging applications for reasons discussed previously, and this includes biological applications of SERS. For example, NIR-active core-shell superparticles have been prepared by the electrostatic assembly of densely packed Au nanoparticles on submicron silica spheres.34 Such superparticle probes can be implanted into mammalian cells by cationic transfection,186 and have produced SERS signals from absorbed DNA.187 Biocompatible SERS nanoparticle tags can also be used as contrast agents for in vivo detection, as previously discussed.169... 

Fig. 11.11 Various methods of bio-conjugation, (a) Direct immobilization of the linker molecule to the metal surface, (b) composite formation of the metal/biocompatible shell hybrids, (c) examples of direct immobilization to metal surface [77, 81, 82], (d) examples of active ester utilization [70, 80], and (e) an example of malelmide-based bio-conjugatlon [33]...

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