Shaping Materials Cast and Wrought Objects

Subtracting matter, by cutting, chipping, or carving, for example, provides a way to shape solid materials into objects. Many objects are not shaped by the subtraction of matter, however, but are either cast or wrought cast objects are shaped when the material used to make them, such as glass, plaster of Paris, or bronze, is in a fluid condition. Wrought objects, on the 

In open-mold casting, the shape of the desired object is carved as a negative depression or hollow into a suitable bulk of material that withstands the temperature required for the process wood is often used for cold casting molds stone, sand, and dry mud, for hot casting. The fluid casting material is then poured into the carved depression, where it is left to set and from which, when solid, it is finally removed. 

Hollow sand casting is a relatively simple process for making cast metal objects that for thousands of years was the most widely used of all casting methods. For the most basic castings, the molds are made from ordinary silica sand mixed with water so as to keep the sand particles compacted together to maintain the required hollow-shaped form. The hot, fluid 

Casting by the lost wax method entails initially creating a core of clay covered with a layer of beeswax, and modeling the outer layer of the wax in the exact pattern of the desired cast. Once the wax pattern Is made, the sequence of operations listed below Is generally followed (Feinberg 1983 Ammen 1979)  

A mold Is made from a refractory material to surround the wax pattern. 

---