Shake holes

Method 1 (with acetyl chloride). Equip a dry 500 ml. round-bottomed or bolt-head flask with a reflux condenser, and fit the top of the condenser with a two hole cork, one opening for a separatory funnel and the other for a delivery tube connected to an inverted funnel which dips just below the surface of about 200 ml. of water in a beaker (compare Fig. II, 13, 8). Place 40 g. of anhydrous, finely-powdered aluminium chloride (see Section IV,2) and 88 g. (100 ml.) of dry A.R. benzene in the flask and cool the latter in a bath of cold water (not ice water since benzene may crystallise). Through the separatory funnel at the top of the condenser add 29 g. (27 ml.) of redistilled acetyl chloride slowly during half an hour and shake the flask frequently to ensure thorough mixing of the... 

Another feature in PES spectra is the so-called shake-up structures, appearing as weak satellites on the high binding energy side of the main line. The shake-up structure reflects the spectrum of the 1 -electron-2-hole states generated in connection with pholoionization, and can give useful information about the valence n-electronic structure of a molecular ion. 

In principle, one can extract from G(ti)) the complete series of the primary (one-hole, Ih) and excited (shake-up) states of the cation. In practice, one usually restricts the portion of shake-up space to be spanned to the 2h-lp (two-hole, one-particle) states defined by a single-electron transition, neglecting therefore excitations of higher rank (3h-2p, 4h-3p. ..) in the ionized system. In the so-called ADC[3] scheme (22), elertronic correlation effects in the reference ground state are included through third-order. In this scheme, multistate 2h-lp/2h-lp configuration interactions are also accounted for to first-order, whereas the couplings of the Ih and 2h-lp excitation manifolds are of second-order in electronic correlation. 

In a round-bottomed flask (capacity 1 1.) sodium hydroxide (80 g.) is dissolved by heating in water (80 c.c.), pure phenol (25 g.) is added to the hot solution, and the mixture is cooled to 60°-65° by dipping the flask in cold water, without shaking, however, so that separation of crystalline sodium phenoxide is avoided. By means of a two-holed cork the flask is then fitted with an efficient reflux condenser and a thermometer, the bulb of which dips into the liquid. Chloroform (20 g.) is next poured in through the condenser, and the contents of the flask are gently shaken a transient fuchsine-red colour is developed in the liquid. After a period of about ten minutes, during which the temperature of the mixture is maintained... 

In a i-l. round-bottom flask are placed too g. of -nitrobenzyl cyanide. A solution of 300 cc. of concentrated sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84) in 280 cc. of water is prepared, and two-thirds of this solution is poured on to the p-nitrobenzyl cyanide. The mixture is shaken well, until the solid is all moistened with the acid. Any solid material sticking to the walls of the vessel is now washed down into the liquid with the remainder of the acid, the flask is attached to a reflux condenser, then set, without shaking, over a 10-cm. hole in a large sheet of asbestos board which rests on a tripod, and heated until the mixture boils. The boiling is continued for fifteen minutes. 

There are, however, arguments, which contradict the partial localization interpretation. This interpretation must assume that the 5 f emission at Ep (itinerant state) and at the 2.5 eV satelhte have different photon energy dependence of the cross section at the resonance. As recently discussed this is difficult to explain since both structures are attributed to 5 f states. Furthermore, the main asymmetric 4 f core level should be accompanied by a shake-up satellite, induced by 6d screening of the localized hole, which has never been observed. 

A 1500-cc. flask is fitted with a two-hole rubber stopper carrying a glass tube which ends below the middle of the flask. The second hole is fitted with a common glass stopcock (Note 1). To the flask is added 500 cc. of 6-N ammonium hydroxide (sp. gr. about 0.95), and 100 g. of />-nitrophenylacetic acid (Vol. II, p. 59) is now slowly introduced, with shaking. The flask is then placed in an ice bath, and the mixture saturated with hydrogen sulfide, the temperature being held below 50°. 

Shake Up Phenomena in Polymers the Study of the Excited States of Core Hole States... 

Fig. 41. Schematic illustrating the relationship between the dipole excited states of a neutral system with siqglet and triplet states formally of the same excitation configuration and the monopole shake up states for a core hole state...

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