Setup design

A general description of the apparatus used is given in Fig. 25. The column is thermostatted using a jacket connected to a cooling device. The collector is placed in a cold chamber. Both column and fraction collector can thus be cooled down to —35°C. [This apparatus is quite different from the setup designed by Freed and Sack (1971), where the column is maintained permanently at —42°C with diethylketone.] The various parts of the equipment are described in the following sections. 

The same group greatly improved this process by a novel continuous-flow reactor setup design (Figure 23.6) [47]. For the photooxidation reaction, the... 

An important field of application of multicomponent determination is in the continuous monitoring of nitrogen and phosphorous in wastewater treatment plants. Figure 2.16 in Chapter 2 illustrates an SIA setup designed as an environmental wastewater monitor for the speciation of different forms of nitrogen (ammonium, nitrites, nitrates, and total nitrogen) and phosphorous (orthophosphates and total... 

Relationship between the design variables and control variables could be clear. This is because the role of design and control variables is comparable. Design variables are pre-defined while control variables are changeable after the total system setup. Designers can select which is preferable. 

ABSTRACT Eddy current (contactless) measurements, especially in the form of the impedance spectroscopy, could be elfectively used to determine the electrical properties, including conductivity, of various materials, tissues and objects in many industrial, medical and other applications (e.g. coin validation). One important aspect is to have the cahbration standards for the adjustment of eddy current instrumentation to guarantee repeatabUity and comparability of the measurements. In the paper, there is described an experimental study carried out to find the ways to improve and correct the theoretical eddy current models for the single coil above the metal plate setup, designed for measurements without using of the reference metal specimen with known electrical properties. The final results show, that the accuracy of measurement with a single-coil setup can be better than 0.5% in the 60 to 500 kHz frequency range and 3.0% at the frequencies up to 10 MHz, all valid for conductivity values from 2.5 to 25 MS/m. 

Figure 1.21 Setup design. (Reprinted with permission from Dr. Mary Ann Maher, SoftMEMS.)...

Figure 9.7 shows a schematic view of the parameter identification test setup designed to perform focused experiments on a single slider system. The mathematical model of this system is presented in this section. This model forms the basis of the parameter identification method to be described in Sects. 9.3 and 9.6 below. As shown in Fig. 9.7, two rotary encoders are used to measure the angular displacements of the lead screw, 0, and the motor, 0m- A load cell is used to measure the force exerted by the pneumatic cylinder, R. The input current to the DC motor are also measured. The input torque to the system, Tm, is then calculated from this quantity and the known torque constant of the DC motor. 

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