Setae

Bensasson R V, Bienvenue E, Dellinger M, Leach S and Seta P 1994 Cgg in model biological systems. A visible-UV absorption study of solvent-dependent parameters and solute aggregation J. Phys. Chem. 98 3492-5000... 

Dissolve 57 g. of dry malonic acid in 92 5 ml. of dry P3rridine contained in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask, cool the solution in ice, and add 57 g. (70 ml.) of freshly distilled n-heptaldehyde (oenanthol) with stirring or vigorous shaking. After a part of the aldehyde has been added, the mixture rapidly seta to a mass of crystals. Insert a cotton wool (or calcium chloride) tube into the mouth of the flask and allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for 60 hours with frequent shaking. Finally, warm the mixture on a water bath until the evolution of carbon dioxide ceases (about 8 hours) and then pour into an equal volume of water. Separate the oily layer and shake it with 150 ml. of 25 per cent hydrochloric acid to remove pyridine. Dissolve the product in benzene, wash with water, dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and distil under reduced pressure. Collect the ap-nonenoic acid at 130-13272 mm. The yield is 62 g. 

Numerous high pressure Hquid chromatographic techniques have been reported for specific sample forms vegetable oHs (55,56), animal feeds (57,58), seta (59,60), plasma (61,62), foods (63,64), and tissues (63). Some of the methods requite a saponification step to remove fats, to release tocopherols from ceHs, and/or to free tocopherols from their esters. AH requite an extraction step to remove the tocopherols from the sample matrix. The methods include both normal and reverse-phase hplc with either uv absorbance or fluorescence detection. AppHcation of supercritical fluid (qv) chromatography has been reported for analysis of tocopherols in marine oHs (65). 

Above. Skin, large fragment, seta base, prothorax, capsule, spiracle, skin, seta, seta and base, capsule part, labrum Below. False foot, false foot, leg part, true foot, spinneret, labium... 

A prime example of the impressive nse of adhesion in nature is the gecko, which can hang from the ceiling and climb with ease np smooth vertical surfaces (Fig. 20a). Its ability to do this was known for some time to be associated with the many thousands of hairs (or setae) comprising each foot (Fig. 20b). In addition, each seta was found to con-... 

FIG. 20 (a) Tokay gecko with toe outlined, (b) SEM of rows of setae, (c) The finest terminal... 

RV Bensasson, E Bienvenue, M Dellinger, S Leach, P Seta. J Phys Chem 98 3492-3500, 1994. 

E Tronel-Peyroz, G Miquel-Mercier, P Seta. Synth Met 81 33-38, 1996. 

The annelids include the bristle worms and blood worms in which toxicity is associated with bristle-like setae and/or biting jaws. In the order Polychaetae, toxicity is usually found in three genera (Chloeia, Eurythoe, Hemodice). The platyhelminthes are not associated with many cases of human toxicity. The only class of platyhelminthes in which toxicity can readily be found is in the Turbellaria. In the Rhynchocaela (ribbon worms), toxic species include Lineus sp. Some platyhelminthes (e.g., Planocera multitenta) have been found to contain tetrodotoxin 16). 

Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu 520-21 Japan Abstract... 

This type of mixing could reasonably explain the occurrence of acidic alteration minerals such as kaolinite and alunite in the low-sulfidation epithermal gold vein district (e.g., Seta in northeast Hokkaido, Hishikari in southern Kyushu) (Yajima et al., 1997)... 

Yajima, T., Matsumoto, T, Yoshioka, K. and Nakayama, K. (1997) Geology and exploration of the Seta low sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Mining Geology, 47, 45-58. 

Table 9 Calculated harmonic X-Y and X- N stretching frequencies, frequency shifts, and infrared intensities of the XY- -NH3 complexes as obtained with different methods applying the aug-cc-pVTZ basis seta...

The commercially available dicyanomethylene squaraine dye Seta-670-mono-NHS showed extremely low blinking effects and good photostability when used in single-molecule studies of multiple-fluorophore labeled antibodies [113]. Seta-670-mono-NHS and Seta-635-NH-mono-NHS were covalently labeled to antibodies and used in a surface-enhanced immunoassay [114]. From the fluorescence intensity and lifetime changes determined for a surface that had been coated with silver nanoparticles, both labeled compounds exhibited a 15- to 20-fold... 

Recently, SETA BioMedicals has developed a new near-infrared squaraine-based label Seta-633, which can be used to study the interaction between low-molecular-weight analytes and proteins using fluorescence lifetime as the readout parameter [19]. This label exhibits lower quantum yields and shorter fluorescence lifetimes when free in solution, but these values substantially increase upon interaction with proteins, which is contrary to tracers like Cy5 or Alexa 647. It was demonstrated in a model assay that a biotinylated Seta-633 binds to anti-biotin with high specificity. Importantly, the lifetime of Seta-633-biotin increases about 2.76 fold upon binding to a specific antibody (anti-biotin, MW =160 kDa), while the titration with BSA or nonspecific antibody does not result in a noticeable change in lifetime (Fig. 13). The label is compatible with readily available light sources (635 nm or 640 nm lasers) and filter sets (as for Cy5 or Alexa 647) and its... 

Fig. 13 Average fluorescence lifetime changes of Seta-633 -biotin upon titration with antibiotin (specific), (nonspecific) human IgG, or BSA [19]...

Table 3 Spectral characteristics and fluorescence lifetimes of free and BSA-bound forms of selected Square and Seta dyes (SETA BioMedicals) in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 [19, 115]...

Square-650-pH having a pKa in the physiological pH range (pKa = 7.1 for free dye and the pKa 6.1 when labeled to an antibody) was recently introduced by SETA BioMedicals [119]. This dye is commercially available as a free carboxylic acid and a mono-NHS ester. Square-650-pH has spectral properties similar to those of the CypHer dyes but is fluorescent in both the protonated and deproto-nated forms. This dye displays reasonable molar absorptivities (135,000 and 48,000 M-1cm-1) and quantum yields (16% and 9%) for the protonated and deprotonated forms, an extremely large Stokes shift of more than 100 nm for the deprotonated form, and enables excitation and emission ratiometric measurement... 

Povrozin YA, Kolosova OS, Obukhova OM, Tatarets AL, Sidorov VI, Terpetschnig EA, Patsenker LD (2009) Seta-633 - a NIR fluorescence lifetime label for low-molecular-weight analytes. Bioconjugate Chem 20 1807-1812... 

Patsenker LD, Povrozin YA, Sidorov VI, Tatarets AL, Terpetschnig EA (2009) Fluorescence lifetime based hybridization assay using the new long-wavelength fluorescent label Seta-670. In 24th International conference on photochemistry (ICP 2009). Book of Abstracts, p 430... 

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