Sensor miniature

It is safe to say that any conventional spectrophotometric and colorimetric analysis can be performed in an optical sensing format. That makes the optical sensors probably the most universal type of chemical sensors. Miniaturization of optical components and rapid advances in the development of new optical materials and hardware support this fast-growing area of chemical sensing. 

Measuring just the impedance in the wound would lead to several interferences caused by e.g. the temperature and the pH value. However, a change of these parameters also gives a hint for an ongoing infection in the wound. Combining this information would lead to a sufficient specificity of a wound sensor. Miniaturized sensor concepts already exist for all mentioned parameters. Characterization of wounds in their environment is performed for example for pH value and temperature whereas because of the hmited availability of reliable wound models the development for impedance is still in progress. Our wound model environment includes cellular constituents of the wound fluid which can be measured with commercial 2-electrode setups (Roche) for cultivated cells. By using a self-made adapter we connect these electrode wells with an impedance analyzer (ScioSpec ISX-3). 

Thmsducen for bioraedkal application are classified into sensors, acoustic sources, and imaging systems. First, tensors and probes will be discussed. Several types of hydrophones have been devised, including membrane sensors, miniature sensor probes, and needle sensors (17-21]. 

Miniaturization of HSIs is also the subject of advanced research as shown by the patent filed by Majumdar etal. [195], which describes a spectroscopic device that can be used to acquire single-frame spatial, spectral, and polarization information of an object. One can also hope that the substantial progress made in sensor miniaturization will lead to the design of smart phones equipped with HSIs. 

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