Sensitivity to processing conditions

Establishing the process sensitivity with respect to the above-mentioned factors is crucial for further scale-up considerations. If the sensitivity is low, a direct volume scale-up is allowed and the use of standard batch reactor configurations is permitted. However, many reactions are characterized by a large thermal effect and many molecules are very sensitive to process conditions on molecular scale (pH, temperature, concentrations, etc.). Such processes are much more difficult to scale up. Mixing can then become a very important factor influencing reactor performance for reactions where mixing times and reaction times are comparable, micromixing also becomes important. 

The factors to be considered in tailoring enzymes for the food industry can be divided into five areas a) sensitivity to processing conditions b) catalytic specificity or action profile c) purity d) source and e) application economics. 

The morphology of the surface has been studied by transmission Electron microscopy Under optimum conditions, it consists of a cell structure with oxide whiskers protruding fi om the surface." It has been suggested that microscopic interlocking (see Mechanical theory of adhesion) appears to be a crucial factor in the adhesion." It may be that the sensitivity to processing conditions, mentioned above, is a result of the production of a morphology with less potential for interlocking. 

Blends are physical mixtures of pol5uners rather than monomers. Like copolymers, properties and processing characteristics are often very different from those of the component polymers and also vary with the ratio of components. Unlike copolymers, blend properties can be sensitive to processing conditions. Miscible blends mix on a molecular level to produce a single phase and exhibit a single transition temperature that corresponds to the blend composition. The most important commercial miscible blend is polystyrene-polyphenylene... 

As conductivity is so dependent upon filler dispersion and also filler orientation, it is very sensitive to processing conditions and, in particular, flow. In applications where maximum conductivity is required, the sensitivity to processing is not such a problem one just needs to ensure that the filler concentration is above the percolation threshold with some safety margin. However, in some cases, it is desirable to hit a target intermediate conductivity on the steep part of the s-curve. For example, antistatic and RF shielding require intermediate conductivity levels. It is very challenging to re-producihly hit conductivity values on the steep part of the curve because any variation in filler concentration, orientation, or flow pattern will result in a conductivity that is out of specification by a factor of 10 or more. 

The difference between a solid composed of nanoparticles and a solid in an amorphous state is the distribution of atoms with CN imperfection. Undercoordinated atoms are located only at the surface of a nanosolid but distribute randomly inside the amorphous solid. The distribution of CN imperfection is sensitive to processing conditions of amorphous states. In probing statistical information, the low-CN atoms contribute identically irrespective of their locations. It is anticipated that the PDF correlation length, or core size, increases with nanocrystal size. Further verification by measuring different sizes would afiinn the shell-strain-induced stiffness. 

The quality control of adhesively bonded joints in fabrication lines includes control of adhesion processes, appropriate design of joints to ease the process control, and education and direction for works to conduct the manufacturing. Many efforts have been made to improve the quality stabilities (Petrie 2007 Espie 1995 Roberts 1990 DeFrayne 1983 Bandaruk 1962). Due to the invention of new types of adhesives such as acrylics whose strengths are less sensitive to processing conditions than those of conventional adhesives, the quahty control can he done more easily and precisely in these days than the previous as shown by Haraga et al (2009). 

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