Sensing creatinine

I heard from Dr. Grow that dog urine (of all things) can be substituted, and will pass the test However, I don t know how an age, gender, pH, or creatinine test would result. Someone was able to use dog urine for several months to pass the test. This subsection assumes you have a clean dog. I know my dog s urine wouldn t pass he eats more weed than humans do. It would make more sense to use human urine, but dog urine provides a workable substitution in an emergency. 

Subrahmanyam, S. Piletsky, S. Piletska, E. Chen, B. Karim, K. Turner, A. P. F., Bite-and-Switch approach using computationally designed molecularly imprinted polymers for sensing of creatinine, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2001,16, 631-637... 

The measurement of the GFR is of current interest in view of the fact that recent studies have questioned the accuracy of creatinine clearance and serum creatinine level for assessing kidney function and the rate of progression of renal disease (58). To recapitulate the value of the GFR as an index of the severity of renal disease, it should be pointed out that the GFR provides, in a sense, a direct measure of renal function and is reduced relatively early in the course of renal disease. 

Fiber-optic sensors may also be combined to form a bundle of fiber applicable to the simultaneous sensing of, eg, physiological pH, oxygen, electrolytes, anesthetics, glucose, creatinine, temperature, and flow rate. This is possible because of the minute size of the fibers. There is considerable industrial activity in this direction. 

In an early approach towards MIP-based sensors using capacitance measurement, thin MIP membranes were prepared by in situ polymerization of MAA/ EDMA and then sandwiched as a sensing layer in afield effect device a capacitance decrease was observed due to specific binding of the template L-phenylalanine anilide [103]. Recently, two promising alternative approaches towards ultrathin MIP films for capacitive sensors had been reported electropolymerization of phenol for imprinting of phenylalanine [74], and photo-initiated graft copolymerization of AMPS/MBAA for imprinting of desmetryn [82] and creatinine [83] (cf Sections III.C.2, III.C.3). 

Another biosensor is based on an ion-sensitive field-effect transmitter. Creatinine iminohydrolase is immobilized on the gate by cross-linking with bovine serum albumin in glutaraldehyde vapor. Creatinine iminohydrolase catalyzes the formation of N-methyl-hydantoin (and ammonia) from creatinine. The differential signal between a reference and sensing chip is proportional to creatinine concentration. 

Electrolyte balance Aminoglycosides cause fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders by altering renal tubular function in several ways, leading to hypokalemia and acidosis or alkalosis. Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor has been reported to cause a Bartter-like syndrome (hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and normal serum creatinine concentrations). More rarely, a proximal renal tubular acidosis (Fanconi syndrome non-anion gap metabolic acidosis) can develop. The mechanisms have been summarized [4 ]. 

Drugs are cleared from the blood during peritoneal dialysis in an analogous fashion to the clearance of creatinine or other plasma constituents. Transport between the blood and the peritoneal cavity is symmetric in the sense that transport rates are equivalent in each direction, and therefore if the PA (mass transfer-area coefficient) for a substance of equivalent molecular weight is available, the transfer rate can be estimated from... 

Wen, T, et al. Novel electrochemical sensing platform based on magnetic field-induced self-assembly of Fe304 Polyaniline nanoparticles for clinical detection of creatinine. Biosens. Bioelectron. 56C, 180-185 (2014)... 

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