Self-Immobilization

These advantages make the self-immobilization of cells superior to other cell immobilization methods scientifically and economically, particularly in the production of bulk products such as fuel ethanol. 

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Jin and co-workers applied the self-immobilization method developed by Alt to group 4 bis(phenoxy-imine) complexes. They demonstrated that Ti and Zr bis(phenoxy-imine) complexes with allyl-substituted phenoxy-imine ligands upon activation with MAO showed high ethylene-polymerization activity and form good morphology PEs. The same research group also demonstrated that this self-immobilization method was applicable to... 

Ind-amido titanium complexes with o -alkenyl functions in position 2 of the indenyl ring have been synthesized and characterized. After activation with MAO, these complexes were used as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for the homopolymerization of ethylene and propylene and the co-polymerization of ethylene and 1,7-octadiene.406 A series of alkyl-, u -alkenyl-, and u -phenylalkyl-substituted Cp- and Ind-amido dichloro titanium complexes have been synthesized and characterized. The cj-phenylalkyl-substituted complexes react with LiBu to give metallacycles via a CH activation reaction on the ortho-position of the phenyl group (Scheme 305).741 742 After activation with MAO, these complexes catalyze ethylene polymerizations. The substituents on the aromatic system influence the polymerization activity of the catalysts and the properties of the polyethylene. The u -alkenyl-substituted catalysts show self-immobilization in ethylene polymerization. 

Protein function microarrays based on self-immobilizing and self-labeling fusion proteins. Chembiochem A European Journal of Chemical Biology, 7, 194-202. 

Because of these circumstances, the high excess of MAO is demanded to provide sufficient MAO cages. It is interesting to note that the catalytically active share of MAO can be separated from the rest when a homogeneously activated metallocene catalyst is heterogenized by self-immobilization. In these cases, Zr/Al = 80 ratios were found. 

Blank K., Lindner R, Diefenbach B., and Rluckthun A., Self-immobilizing recombinant antibody fragments for immunoaffinity chromatography generic, parallel, and scalable protein purification. Protein Expr Purif, 24(2), 313-322, 2002. 

Figure 12-9.. A scheme of the self-immobilization of a metallocene catalyst.

Roa Engel et al. (2008) reviewed data for fumaric acid accumulation by different strains of Rhizopus. The most efficient process was with a rotary biofilm contractor studied by Cao et al. (1996) with volumetric productivities of 4.25 g/L-h compared with 2 g/L-h for a stirred bioreactor (Ng et al., 1986). The fungus is grown to form a biofilm by self-immobilization on plastic discs, the formed acid is absorbed on a... 

Cell immobilization techniques Cell immobilization techniques are classified into two major groups immobilization with support materials, and selfimmobilization. It is crucial to determine which technique is most suitable for a given biomanufacturing process with a specific cell line. For example, gel entrapment may not be suitable for producing primary metabolites, which is coupled with cell growth [1] self-immobilization of cells is more appropriate for the production of low-value bulk products, such as biofuels. 

Figure 7.6 Self-immobilized piant celi aggregates IRhodiola sachalinensis). (a) Cell aggregates (2-4 mm) in suspension culture, (b) Microscopic image of a thin section of the cell aggregates. Note that...

Ethanol Zymomonas mobilis Entrapment in pectin beads encapsulation in mesoporous silica self-immobilization [76, 77]... 

Salidroside Rhodiola sachalinensis Self-immobilization Increase by sixfold [57]... 

Techniques used for cell immobilization, for example, those with support materials (surface attachment, entrapment, or encapsulation) or self-immobilized ... 

Prenosil, J.E. and Hegglin, M. (1990) Self-immobilized plant cell aggregates in a bioreactor system with low shear stress. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 613, 234-247. 

Atlanta, L, Subroto, M.A., and Doran, P.M. (1995) Oxygen-transfer and culture characteristics of self-immobilized Solanum aviculare aggregates. Biotechnol Bioeng., 47, 541-549. 

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