Static self-assembly

There are two major types of self-assembly, static and dynamic [5]. Static self-assembly describes the process that the ordered state occurs when the system is in equilibrium and does not dissipate energy. One special example of static self-assembly is the formation of atomic, ionic, and molecular crystals [6-8]. In dynamic self-assembly, the process occurs only if the system is dissipating energy. The patterns formed in oscillating chemical reactions are simple examples [9,10]. 

In contrast to static properties, where LP and GM reveal generally the same behavior as that of conventional polymers, due to the self-assembling nature of the breakdown process the transport properties of GM are much more complex. Like conventional polymers, these materials are highly viscoelastic [73,74] and their novel rheology has been intensively studied recently, both experimentally [75,76] and theoretically [11,31,77-79]. A theoretical model... 

SAM self-assembled monolayer SFM scanning force microscopy SLS static light scattering... 

Zhu Z, Haynie BC, Winograd N (2004) Static SIMS study of the behavior of K atoms on -CH3, -CO2H and -CO2CH3 terminated self-assembled monolayers. Appl Surf Sci... 

Figure 6.2 Effect of sucrose on the self-assembly / disassembly of sodium caseinate in aqueous medium (ionic strength = 0.01 mol/diu3, 22 °C) on the basis of combined static and dynamic light scattering. Upper plots refer to pH > pI, i.e.. ( ) pH = 7.0, ( ) pH = 6.0, (A) pH = 5.5 (a) weight-average molar weight, A/w (b) structure-sensitive parameter p. Lower plots refer to pH < p/, i.e., ( ) pH = 3.9, (A) pH = 3.5 (c) weight-average molar weight, A/w (d) structure-sensitive parameter p.

We have seen earlier in this chapter how the self-assembly of casein systems is sensitively affected by temperature. Another thermodynamic variable that can affect protein-protein interactions in aqueous media is the hydrostatic pressure. Static high-pressure treatment causes the disintegration of casein micelles due to the dismption of internal hydro-phobic interactions and the dissociation of colloidal calcium phosphate. This phenomenon has been used to modify the gelation ability of casein without acidification as a consequence of exposure of hydrophobic parts of the casein molecules into the aqueous medium from the interior of the native casein micelles (Dickinson, 2006). High-pressure treatment leads to a reduction in the casein concentration required for gelation under neutral conditions, especially in the presence of cosolutes such as sucrose (Abbasi and Dickinson, 2001, 2002, 2004 Keenan et al., 2001). 

In examining a crystalline structure as revealed by diffraction experiments it is all too easy to view the crystal as a static entity and focus on what may be broadly termed attractive intermolecular interactions (dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals etc., as detailed in Section 1.8) and neglect the actual mechanism by which a crystal is formed, i.e. the mechanism by which these interactions act to assemble the crystal from a non-equilibrium state in a super-saturated solution. However, it is very often nucleation phenomena that are ultimately responsible for the observed crystal structure and hence we were careful to draw a distinction between solution self-assembly and crystallisation at the beginning of this chapter. For example paracetamol, when crystallised from acetone solution gives the stable monoclinic crystal form I, but crystallisation from a molten sample in the absence of solvent... 

Once the physical topology of the self-assembly is formed in the NanoCell, it remains static there is no molecule or nanoparticle dynamic character (other than bond rotations or vibrations) to the highly crosslinked network. The only changeable behavior is in the molecular states conducting ON or non-conducting OFF, as set by voltage pulses from the periphery of the cell, or as defined by the search algorithms in these simulations. 

Investigations of Pb on the stepped surfaces of Cu provide a systematic way to study the influence of defects on the statics and d5mamics of overlayer formation. Stepped surfaces are also interesting in that the observed phenomena (self-assembly, phase transitions, etc.) have a one-dimensional character to them. Although studied less extensively than the flat surfaces, LEED/AES and SPA-LEED studies have been reported for the adsorption of Pb on the (211), (311), (511), (711) (510), and (10,10) planes of Cu. 

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