Self-assembled monolayers of silanes

For the surface modification of sihca, the reactive surface group is the silanol group which can be reacted with a mono- or polyfunctional alkoxy- or chlorosilane  

The surface chemistry of SAMs of silanes on planar substrates such as oxidized silicon wafers is comparable to the chemistry of silica gel, with the absence of a porous structure [47]. 

The maximum surface density of the reactive silanol groups in a fuUy hydrated state is 8-9 pmol mT (or 5 SiOH nm ). This can be achieved by a hydrothermal activation of sihca gel [48, 49] or, for planar substrates, a solution with hydrogen 

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