Selected applications of hybridization

After the description of chemical structure and control of meso-architecture and surface area, selected applications of such carbon materials as battery electrodes, supercapacitors, and in the design of controlled hybrid heterojunctions were presented. In the Li battery, coating or hybridization with hydrothermal carbon brought excellent capacities at simultaneous excellent stabilities and rate performances. This was exemplified by hybridization with Si, Sn02 (both anode materials) as well as LiFeP04 (a cathode material). In the design of supercapacitors, porous HTC carbons could easily reach the benchmark of optimized activated traditional carbons, with better stability and rate performance. 

In particularly complex problems of heavily loaded elements, the application of hybrid reinforcement composed of two or more kinds of different fibres may be considered. In the selection of reinforcement the total cost (materials and execution) should also be taken into account (cf. Chapter 5). The volume of fibres is usually limited by their cost and by the workability of the fresh mix. Also the efficiency of fibres decreases when a high percentage is applied. It is rare in practical cases that a volume fraction of steel fibres higher than 2.5% is used and composites with reinforcement lower than 1% are often applied. This remark does not concern particular cases where higher volume fractions of fibres are purposefully used and where other technologies of placing are applied, for example, SIFCON (cf. Section 13.5). The application of polymer admixtures with fibres may also be foreseen, if the exploitation requirements cannot be satisfied in a less expensive way. 

This type of solvent selection problem can be formulated and solved as a Computer Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) problem [22], Application of this method for solvent selection and design is highlighted in chapter 14 and is not discussed in detail in this chapter. The ProCAMD software [23], which is based on a hybrid CAMD method can be used to solve solvent selection problems of this type. 

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