Seismic migration

In the following chapters we will demonstrate that approximation (3.87) results in effective imaging schemes for different geophysical data interpretations, including gravity, electromagnetic and seismic migration. 

In the later sections of this book we will demonstrate that the same technique can be applied to electromagnetic and seismic wave field Inversion. In these areas of geophysics, migration serves as a useful practical tool for imaging geophysical data, because of the relative numerical simplicity and transparent physical interpretation of the results of electromagnetic and seismic migration. 

Lee, S., McMechan, G.A., and S.L.V. Aiken, 1987, Phase-field imaging The electromagnetic equivalent of seismic migration Geophysics, 52, 679-693. 

In conclusion, I should note that modern seismic migration algorithms are based mostly on finite-difference methods of the solution of back propagation problems. However, a description of these methods lies beyond the scope of this book. 

Berkhout, A. J., 1980, Seismic migration - Imaging of acoustic energy by wave field extrapolation Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 339 pp. 

Keywords plate tectonics, sedimentary basins, source rocks, maturation, migration, reservoir rocks, traps, seismic, gravity survey, magnetic survey, geochemistry, mudlogs, field studies. 

Bleistein Cohen Stockwell Mathematics of Multidimensional Seismic Imaging, Migration, and Inversion... 

Bleistein, N., Cohen, J. K., and J. W. Stockwell, Jr., 2001, Mathematics of multidimensional seismic imaging, migration, and inversion Springer, New York, Berlin, London, Tokyo, 510 pp. 

We will show below in this chapter that the back-propagated field corresponds to a migration transformation of seismic data. Thus we see that Born imaging can be treated as an algorithm from a family of migration transformations. 

Thus, modern developments in theoretical geophysics have led to dissolving the difference between these two approaches to interpretation of seismic data (Bleistein et ah, 2001). In this section of the book I will discuss the basic ideas underlying the principles of wavefield migration, and will show how these principles are related to the general inversion technique developed in the previous sections. 

Gardner, G. H. F., Editor, 1985, Migration of seismic data Geophysical reprint series. No. 4, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 462... 

Kozlov, Ye. A., 1986, Migration transformations in seismic prospecting (in Russian) Nedra, Moscow, 247 pp. 

The identified characteristics of secondary hydrocarbon migration can be verified with e.g. the location and physico-chemical characteristics of known hydrocarbon accumulations (e.g. England and Mackenzie, 1989) direct and indirect observations of oil and gas seeps (direct visual observations indirect observations, such as hydrocarbon-charged sediments, pock marks, clay diapirs) and gas leakages indicated by seismic chimneys. 

Faults and fractures can act as pathways for the migration of He derived from the crust and mantle, and hence are possible secondary sources for anomalies located during exploration surveys. The potential use of He surveys to locate deep faults, and any associated mineralisation, has been discussed in the Russian literature in particular. Faults in seismically-active zones similarly act as channelways for the escape of gases, and He is one of a number of components of soil gas and groundwater that are monitored to determine whether variations in concentration can be used in the prediction of earthquakes. 

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