Section highly complex

One of the most fascinating recent developments in biology has been the discovery of numerous highly complex biopolymer assemblies (see also section C2.14.2.3) such as the ribosome or the bacterial flagellum [93, 94 and 95], the envy of nanoteclmologists seeking to miniaturize man-made mechanical devices (note that the word machinery is also sometimes used to refer to multienzyme complexes such as the proteasome [96]), and an entire... 

The processing of components that are on the limits of technical feasibility is likely to result in out of tolerance variation. High forces and flow restriction in metalworking and metal cutting processes can lead to instability. Also, material flow in casting processes, where abnormal sections and complex geometries are present, can lead to variability problems and defects. 

The solution properties of polymers have been subjected to intensive study, in particular to highly complex mathematical treatment This section will, however, confine discussion to a qualitative and practical level . ... 

The highly complex reaction of tctrasulfur tetranitride with dimethyl acctylenedicarboxylale gives a mixture of dimethyl l,2,5-thiadiazole-3,4-dicarboxylate (67%), dimethyl 1,2,4-thiadiazolc-3,5-dicarboxylate (3 %), dimethyl l,3/.4,5.2,4-trithiadiazepine-6,7-dicarboxylate (le, 5%) and methyl l,37 4,5,2,4,6-trithiatriazepine-7-carboxylate (14%, see Section 4.5.).385... 

The compounded rubber is therefore a highly complex chemical system, difficult to analyse (cf. Section 2.2). 

The information flow diagram for a non-isothermal, continuous-flow reactor (in Fig. 1.18, shown previously in Section 1.2.5) illustrates the close interlinking and highly interactive nature of the total material balance, component material balance, energy balance, rate equation, Arrhenius equation and flow effects F. This close interrelationship often brings about highly complex dynamic behaviour in chemical reactors. 

Metal-texaphyrin complexes such as 55 selectively accumulate in tumor cells (240) (see Section III). Complex 55 readily undergoes aone-electron reduction (Ei/2 = 0.08 V vs NHE), forming a free radical which is capable of damaging DNA. Because of the high electron affinity of 55, it may prolong the lifetime of HO- radicals formed by radiolysis of water. Complex 55 is now in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of brain tumors and lung, head, neck, and pancreatic cancer. 

In this section, the complexity encountered in the design of a proper oligonucleotide as template for the formation of highly luminescent and very stable silver clusters will be shown. Some of the templates discussed in literature are summarized in Table 2. 

As discussed in previous sections, high-valent carbene complexes of early transition metals have ylide-like, nucleophilic character. Some Schrock-type carbene complexes react with carbonyl compounds in the same manner as do phosphorus ylides, namely by converting the carbonyl group into an alkene. 

Unlike the double-stranded nature of DNA, RNA molecules usually occur as single strands. This does not mean they are unable to base-pair as DNA can. Complementary regions within an RNA molecule often base-pair and form complex tertiary structures, even approaching the three-dimensional nature of proteins. Some RNA molecules, such as transfer RNA (tRNA) possess several helical areas and loops as the strand interacts with itself in complementary sections. Other hybrid molecules such as the enzyme RNase P contain protein and RNA portions. The RNA part is highly complex with many circles, loops, and helical regions creating a convoluted structure. 

The first section covers the chemistry of cellulose solutions in an amine N-oxide solvent (NMMO), the so-called Lyocell chemistry, as encountered in the industrial production of cellulosic Lyocell material. The system is characterized by high reaction temperatures, the presence of a strong oxidant and high complexity by multiple (homolytic and heterolytic) parallel reactions. Trapping was used to address the questions that reactive intermediates are present in Lyocell solutions and are responsible for the observed side-reactions and degradation processes of both solvent and solute. 

The structure of a real biopolymer landscape is highly complex. Recently, researchers have started to understand some of the properties of proteins that lead to specific landscape structures. To simplify the problem, it is desirable to identify which physical characteristic of proteins give rise to dynamic trends in evolution. In this section, we review the experimentally deduced properties of coupling and additivity, with the intention of demonstrating that these properties are correlated and discussing the landscape features that they produce. 

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