Secondary reinforcers

The conditioned place preference paradigm is widely used in order to measure the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse (secondary reinforcement). In general individuals are subsequently injected with either the drug or vehicle solution and placed into boxes with... 

These negative studies contrast with a number of other studies showing that DA receptor blockers impair the ability of stimuli to acquire secondary reinforcing properties and to exert incentive influences on instrumental behavior in drug-free tests if administered during CS-US pairings. The earliest report of these effects is from Beninger and Phillips... 

Wollastonite is a natural calcium metasilicate mineral with an acicular structure. Silanized and uncoated versions with maximum fiber lengths up to 25 pm are used as inexpensive secondary reinforcements in friction materials. Short fiber attapulgite clays have also been developed as secondary reinforcements. 

Secondary reinforcement a symbol or a token gains reinforcement value because of its association with a real reinforcer (eg, money is not valuable in itself but because of what you can do with it)... 

The step-by-step procedure is recommended for the final disposition of primary and secondary reinforcements in the PCRV. The reactor layout and the influence runs on the effects on vessel and the allowance of low probability loadings arising from accident or fault conditions. Analyses are required to cover these uncertainties. 

Maikova, L., Gaffan, D., and Murray, E. A. 1997. Excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala fail to produce impairment in visual learning for auditory secondary reinforcement but iuter-fere with reinforcer devaluation effects in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(15), 6011-6020. 

Components in which fibres are added primarily to control cracking induced by humidity or temperature variations, as in slabs and pavements. In these applications, fibres are often referred to as secondary reinforcement In this case the fibres provide post-cracking ductility, but the stresses are smaller than the first crack stress, that is a strain softening material (Figure 1.1). This type of composite is referred to as conventional FRC. 

In fibre reinforced concretes, the fibre volume is much lower (<2% by volume) and the fibres act as secondary reinforcement, mainly for the purpose of crack control. The production of such reinforced concretes is carried out by conventional means. Higher contents of fibres can be incorporated by relatively simple mixing technologies, but using advanced matrix formulations which are based on sophisticated control of the rheology and microstructure of the mix. Such formulations combine dispersants and fillers (e.g. DSP, RPC and DUCTAL [4-6]). The dense microstructure in these composites, as well as their improved rheology can enable the incorporation and uniform dispersion of 2-6% by volume of short fibres, which can provide effective reinforcement. 

Learning specialists recognize that human behavior may be strongly influenced by secondary reinforcers whose value is learned through association with other reinforcers. Money, for example, is a secondary reinforcer that, because of its association with food, clothing, and other primary reinforcers, is widely recognized as a powerful reward. 

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