Second-generation lignocellulose

Criteria First generation (sugar, starch, oil, natural rubber) Second generation (lignocellulose -wood and short rotation coppice) Byproducts from agriculture and forestry... 

Second-generation biofuel technologies make use of a much wider range of biomass feedstock (e.g., forest residues, biomass waste, wood, woodchips, grasses and short rotation crops, etc.) for the production of ethanol biofuels based on the fermentation of lignocellulosic material, while other routes include thermo-chemical processes such as biomass gasification followed by a transformation from gas to liquid (e.g., synthesis) to obtain synthetic fuels similar to diesel. The conversion processes for these routes have been available for decades, but none of them have yet reached a high scale commercial level. 

Biofuels can be classified as first generation when they are produced from fermentation of sugar-based raw materials, second generation if they are produced from feedstocks such as lignocellulose and municipal solid wastes, and third generation when they are formed from algal biomass [314,315]. Currently, the most used biofuels are ethanol and butanol. 

Second-generation biofuels are produced from lignocellulosic materials, e.g. low-value crops and residues from agriculture or forestry " or purpose-grown... 

The use of lignocellulosic materials (e.g., agricultural wastes) in the production of second-generation biofuels (bioethanol, biobutanol) or the manufacture of new cellulose-derived and Ugnin-derived value-added products. 

Despite the difficulties found in transforming lignocellulosic wastes fi om agriculture, forestry, and industry to second-generation biocommodities in a cost-effective way, brilliant solutions have been disclosed as proven by the vast amount of scientific literature that has been published in the last decades. 

Second generation biofuels are produced from biomass in a more sustainable fashion, which is tmly carbon neutral or even carbon negative in terms of its impact on CO2 concentrations. In the context of biofuel production, the term plant biomass refers largely to lignocellulosic material as this makes up the... 

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